Psych Exam 1 (Ch. 3)

Front 1

what does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

Back 1

brain and the spinal cord

Front 2

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Back 2

automatic nervous system + somatic nervous system

outside the CNS

Front 3

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 3

parasympathetic + sympathetic nervous system

carries signals from the glands and internal organs to the CNS

Front 4

what are the 8 endocrine glands?

Back 4

1. hypothalamus 2. pineal gland 3. pituitary gland 4. thyroid 5. adrenal glands 6. pancreas 7&8. testes and ovaries (reproductive glands)

Front 5

hypothalamus

def and things it is a part of

Back 5

def: maintains constant internal state, controls motivations and regulates body functions, controls pituitary

it is an endocrine gland and part of the limbic system

Front 6

pineal gland

Back 6

governs bodily rhythms

Front 7

pituitary gland (nickname?)

Back 7

"master gland"
governs release of hormones

Front 8

def of the endocrine system

Back 8

a communication network that influences thoughts, behaviors and actions by using hormones

Front 9

thyroid

Back 9

controls how body burns energy

Front 10

adrenal glands

what does it produce?

Back 10

governs immune system

adrenaline and cortisol

Front 11

pancreas

Back 11

controls digestion

Front 12

2 reproduction glands

Back 12

ovaries (female)
testes (male)

Front 13

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Back 13

transmits sensory signals to/from the CNS

Front 14

what does adrenaline regulate? (5 things)

Back 14

1. contraction of heart muscles and blood vessels 2. opening bronchioles in lungs 3. breaking fat into fatty acids 4. dilating pupils 5. inhibits gastrointestinal secretions

Front 15

what does cortisol regulate?

Back 15

stress

Front 16

describe the path from sensory inputs to activating motor neurons...

Back 16

sensory inputs --> cortex --(sends info to)> basal ganglia --(decides what to do and sends info to)> motor cortex --(commands) > spinal cord --> activate motor neurons

Front 17

what are the 6 parts of the CNS?

Back 17

1. cortex 2. Basal Ganglia 3. limbic system 4. cerebellum 5. brain stem 6. spinal cord

Front 18

4 parts of the cortex (4 lobes)

and what they do

Back 18

1. frontal: motor planning, language, memory
2. parietal: touch
3. temporal: hearing, understanding language
4. occipital: visual info

Front 19

basal ganglia

what is does, where it is and what can result from damage...

Back 19

-controls movement and motor planning
-deep inside the cortex
-damage can result in Parkinsons

Front 20

what are the 4 parts of the limbic system?

and what do they do?

Back 20

1. thalamus: sensory info--> cortex
2. hypothalamus: maintains constant internal state
3. amygdala: arousal and fear
4. hippocampus: spatial memory

Front 21

limbic system is the ______ center

Back 21

emotional

Front 22

4 parts of the brian stem and what they do

Back 22

1. cerebellum: balance and coordination
2. medulla: basic functions (breathing and heartbeat)
3. midbrain: visual stimuli and reflexes with sound
4. pons: info between cortex and cerebellum

Front 23

corpus callosum

Back 23

fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Front 24

neurotransmitter reuptake

Back 24

natural recycler: let stuff out and suck it back in, cleans up after transmission

Front 25

how alcohol effects neuroT's

Back 25

binds to GABA receptors

Front 26

how prozac effects neuroT's

Back 26

inhibits reuptake of seratonin

Front 27

how cocaine effects neuroT's

Back 27

inhibits reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

Front 28

how many nerve cells do we have?

Back 28

100 billion

Front 29

how many synapses do we have?

Back 29

100 trillion

Front 30

describe the relationship between axon terminals, synaptic vesicles and neuroT's...

Back 30

axon terminals have --> synaptic vesicles--> release neuroT's like cold medicine

Front 31

reticular activating system

Back 31

arousalllllll, connects forebrain and cerebral cortex

Front 32

prefrontal cortex controls...

Back 32

behavior and personality (thinking, planning language)

Front 33

motor cortex controls...

Back 33

voluntary movement

Front 34

primary somatosensory cortex controls...

Back 34

sensations in skin, muscles and joints

Front 35

Wernicke's area

what it does and where it is

Back 35

interprets spoken and written language

in the temporal lobe

Front 36

Broca's area

what is does and where it is

Back 36

controls speech production

in the prefrontal cortex

Front 37

8 parts of a neuron

DRAW A PICTURE OF A NEURON

Back 37

1. synapse 2. axon terminal 3. action potential 4. node 5. myelin sheath 6. dendrite 7. cell body 8. nucleus

Front 38

what is a neurotransmitter (neuroT)

Back 38

chemical messenger from neuron to neuron

Front 39

8 major neuroT's

Back 39

1. acetylcholine 2. dopamine 3. norepinephrine 4. serotonin 5. GABA 6. endorphins 7. glutamine 8. anandamide

Front 40

acetylcholine

function and disease with it

Back 40

muscle contraction (Alzheimer's)

Front 41

dopamine

function and diseases with it

Back 41

motor function and reward (Parkinson's and Schizophrenia)

Front 42

norepinephrine

function and what increases it

Back 42

brain arousal: mood hunger and sleep

methamphetamine increases it

Front 43

serotonin

function

Back 43

regulates temp, mood, aggression and sleep

Front 44

GABA

function and treats what

Back 44

inhibits neurons

treats depression and insomnia

Front 45

Endorphins do what

Back 45

pain reduction

Front 46

glutamine

function and disease associated with it

Back 46

excitatory; relay sensory info and learning (schizophrenia)

Front 47

anandamide

it is our natural what?

Back 47

pain reduction, appetite

it is our natural THC

Front 48

3 behavioral genetic studies

Back 48

1. family studies
2. twin studies
3. adoption studies

Front 49

explain family studies and their drawbacks

Back 49

examine family members raised in the same house
drawbacks: same environment and genetic material

Front 50

positive of adoption studies

Back 50

removes genetic and environmental issues

Front 51

left hemisphere vs right hemipshere

actions and skills

Back 51

left hemisphere: fine tune language skills, and controls facial expressions and motion detection

right hem: course language skills, visuospatial skills, perception and grouping

Front 52

3 major misconceptions about heritability

Back 52

1. heritability applies to a single individual rather than differences among individuals
2. heritability tells us whether a trait can be changed
3. heritability is a fixed number

Front 53

heritability

Back 53

percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes

Front 54

phenotype vs. genotype

Back 54

phenotype: observable traits
genotype: genetic makeup

Front 55

who was the "astonishing hypothesis" by?

Back 55

francis crick

Front 56

neurogenesis

Back 56

the creation of new neurons in the adult brain

Front 57

____ is a 3D reconstruction of multiple xrays thru a particular body part

Back 57

computed tomography (CT)

Front 58

neurogenesis plays a role in what 2 functions?

Back 58

learning and aiding recovery after brain injury

Front 59

what are the proportionally 2nd largest brained animals?

Back 59

dolphins

Front 60

Evolutionary psychology proposes that successful adaptations – characteristics that make organisms better suited to their environments – are ___(3)____.

Back 60

physical, behavioral, and psychological

Front 61

T/F it is proven that testosterone increases sex drive in women the way it does in men

Back 61

false: researchers disagree on this idea still

Front 62

what is the resting potential of a neuron?

Back 62

A state in which there are more negative particles inside than outside the neuron. no neuroT's acting on a neuron

Front 63

agonists do what?

Back 63

increase receptor site activity

Front 64

Roger Sperry won the nobel peace prize for his work doing what?

Back 64

researching the effects of split-brain surgery

Front 65

T/F positive particles flowing into the neuron inhibit its action

Back 65

false

Front 66

Which type of psychologist is most likely to conduct brain and behavior studies on human subjects who have suffered brain damage?

Back 66

Neuropsychologist

Front 67

during the neural development phase of pruning, how many neurons die off?

Back 67

about 70%

Front 68

A person with multiple sclerosis has experienced damage to the myelin sheath, which is made up of oligodendrocytes--a type of ______ whose functions include promoting new connections among nerve cells, releasing chemicals to aid in healing, and producing myelin.

Back 68

glial cell

Front 69

2 most common neuroT's in the CNS are...

Back 69

glutamate and GABA

Front 70

absolute refractory period

Back 70

time during which another action potential is impossible, limits maximal firing range

Front 71

relative refractory period

Back 71

follows the absolute refractory period, neuron can fire but it takes more intense stimulation to initial action potential

Front 72

put these steps in order : resting potential, refractory period, action potential, and threshold

Back 72

resting potential--> threshold --> action potential --> refractory period

Front 73

def of action potentials

Back 73

electrical impulse that surges along an axon, caused by an influx of positive ions

Front 74

Dualism

who? what does it say about animals and humans?

Back 74

-who: Descartes
- animals as reflex machines, robots
- humans have material bodies but our minds are immaterial and nonphysical

Front 75

2 arguments of dualism?

Back 75

1. the creativity and spontaneity of human action
2. the body is uncertain but the mind is certain (i think therefore i am)

Front 76

3 reasons dualism seems right

Back 76

1. language
2. personality identity (same person after radical body changes)
3. survival of the self after the destruction of the body

Front 77

is dualism the current view of science today?

Back 77

noooooooo, dualism is wrong, MIND= BRAIN