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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GERONTOLOGY
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sci study of aging and special problems of the aged
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GERIATRICS
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area of specialization dealing with medicine and disease of the ages persons
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cognitive neuroscience
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sci study btwn brain and older adults
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who is G STANLEY HALL
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published book on agine in 1922, NIH established research unit, several lifespan studies
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COHORT STUDY
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GROUP OF PPL BORN WITHIN A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD WHO TRAVEL THRU LIFE AT SAME POINT IN HISTORY
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what are the demographics of the older population?
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increasing in #, will be a huge group in 2050, will be more diverse
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AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY
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avg age at which an individual has a 50/50 change of living from a SPECIFIC age- usually birth
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LIFE EXPECT REVOLUTION
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dramatic increase in the life expectancy that has taken place in the 20 century
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GENDER GAP INTERPRETATION
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mroe males than females born but--- incidence of heart disease, diff in infancy diseases & lifestyle diff
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what are the leading killers of elderly women in europe and north america?
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circulatory disease
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what are examples of LIFESPAN studies
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Nun study & New england centenarian study
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THE LIFE SPAN PROSPECTIVE
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early vs later
1. Multidirectional- growth & decline 2. plasticity - practive & training 3. historical - culture 4. mult causation - biolog, psycho, sociocultural & life cycle |
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BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FRAMEWORK
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3 main forces that shape devp
1. biolog- genetics and health 2. psychological- cognitive emotional 3. sociocultural- society, cultural 4. life cycle- how ppl react to same events |
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things to keep in mind regarding OLDER ADULTS
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individ differences
intra individ- btwn ppl life style changes plasticity & reserve capacity |
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NORMATIVE AGE GRADED INFLUENCES
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biolog, psycholog, sociocultural forces that are highly correlated with chronological age
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NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED INFLUENCES
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events that most ppl in a culture experience at the SAME time
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NON Normative influences
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events that may be important for a particular indivi but not experienced by most ppl.
NOT NORMAL FOR POPULA. |
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PRIMARY AGE
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normal, disease free change over the lifespan
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SECONDARY AGE
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devp changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and env, NOT INEVITABLE
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TERTIARY AGE
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rapid losses that occur shortly before death- TERMINAL DROP
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CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
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# of yrs that have gone by since birth
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BIOLOGICAL AGE
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estimate position with respet to present lifespan
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STABILITY CHANGE ISSUE
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degree that ppl stay the same over time or change
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CONTINUITY DISCONTINUITY CONTROVERY
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specific devp tasks from the perspective of being SMOOTH over evolution or marked by SHIFTS.
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UNIVERSAL vs CONTEXT SPECIFIC
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is there one pathway or several pathways
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SEQUENTIAL DESIGNS
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attempt to seperate 3 sources of variation in aging studies
-aging, chohort effects & time of measurement |
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CONDUCT RESEARCH ETHICALLY
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minimize risks
describe the research potential avoid deception results annonymous |
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TYPES OF NEURONS
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pyramidal cells, assocation cell, motor, somatosensory, perkinje cells
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NEURONS WITH AGING
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older age, decrease length of dendrites and decrease connectivity
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NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE
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in Alz Disease, twisted pairs of helical frameworks found within a neuron.
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AMYLOID PLAQUES
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buildup of proteins (deposits of al silicate and amyloid peptides)
cause vascular damage and cell loss found in aged , inc with AD most in cortect and hippocampus |
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BIGGEST CAUSE OF ALZ
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tangles and amyloid plaques-- dont know which causes which
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3 TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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excitatory-- GLUTAMATE
inhibitory-- GABA (dec in aging) modulatory |
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MODULATORY NT
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1. DOPAMINE- depleted in Parkinsons, too much in Schizo
2. ACETYLCHOLINE- depleted in Alz 3. SEROTONIN & NORE - depleted in depression |
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WHAT HAPPENS IN THE AGING BRAIN?
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cell loss & atrophy
changes in structure- plaque & tangles changes in neurotransmitt changes in brain/blood perfusion |
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GREY MATTER - in forebrain
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contains the somas of neurons- cortex 'bark'
nuclei or basal ganglia |
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WHITE MATTER- in forebrain
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contains MYELINATED axons
corpus collosum, formix |
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what happens to white/grey matter in aging person?
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lose their grey matter & have less white matter, decreased connectivity
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PLASTICITY
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The fact that new neurons can form in the ADULT brain
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fMRI
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FUNCTIONAL Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- SECONDS & MILLIMETERS all regions of the brain, no radiation risk, checks BLOOD O2 LEVELS HIGH SPACIAL, POOR TEMPORAL BRAIN ACTIVITY & FUNCTION |
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MRI
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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- visualize internal STRUCTURE uses magnetic field to align H atoms sees tumors, blood vessels, and inflammation NO METAL ALLOWED! mILLIMETERS. |
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PET SCAN
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POSITRON EMISSON TOMOGRAPHY
metabolic and Hemodynamic 3d image of body function nanoseconds functional & temporal |
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ERP
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EVENT RELATED BRAIN POTENTIAL
Neuronal, Direct Brain response to a though used with EEG miliseconds temporal, functional |
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EEG
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
neurson, electrical activity of neurons in brain shows epilepsy poor spacial, high temporal- MLLISECONDS |
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EROS
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EVENT RELATED OPTICAL SIGNAL
uses light to measure cortex changes spacial and temporal millimeters & miliseconds neuronal & functional |
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CAT
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COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY
-spacial - milimeters stuructural- detects tumors & strokes metal ok |
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DTI
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging
-looks at water movt in brain anis- opposite direction shows how regions are connected |
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WHY do FUNCTIONAL brain imaging?
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- localize functions
-determine response of brain areas -investigate cohort activity -study organization of brain |
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what is PLASTICITY
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interaction btwn brain and envirom- Neural system changes and adapts thru life
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what are NEURAL STEM CELLS
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give rise to new neurons
at least in the hippocampus can happen throughout adulthood |
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what does ENVIRON ENRICHMENT do?
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inc # of new neurons
ex. mice mazes inc spines on dendrites dendrite growth angiogenesis inc bdnf |
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what is COGNITIVE RESERVE?
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ability of person to cope with advancing brain pathology thru a set of skills or abilities.
level of education, IQ, job, lifestyle **fitness & education** |
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who can benefit from EXERCISE?
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Alz, MS, and Parkinsons ALL can benefit from exercise no matter how far into the disease they are.
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what does EXERCISE do for the brain?
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inc fitness, inc O2 in brain, respond faster.
Old fit ppl look more like young ppl |
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Inc BDNF, dendrite growth and preserved neural stem cells in aging from ENRICHED envir is a sign of...?
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PLASTICITY
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what cognitive functions are associated with volume shrinkage in aging brain?
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-changes in frontal lobes
-- inhib thoughts/actions, attn, planning -Execuitve function- carry out plans, working memory, switch bwtn tasks, focus less efficient speed frontal lobe vol-> predictor of cog function |
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COMPENSATION & PREFRONTAL BILATERALITY
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in similiar tasks- young = unilateral in left
older= biliateral in L and R |
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COGNTIIVE AGING THEORIES
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working memory, inhib function, and atten control/ exec function
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BRAIN AGING THEORIES
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frontal lobe function
HAROLD- hemispheric asym are reduced in old CRUNCH- compensa related utiliz of neural curcuit hypoth |
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MECHANISMS OF COGNITIVE AGING
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NETWORK ANALYSIS
analysis of the order of activation of brain areas |
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ABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE MEMORY LOAD- why important to look at indiv difference in brain activity?
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older ppl have to work harder to do the same tasks so its an unequal comparison. -- may misinterpret the data
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MEMORY of OLDER vs YOUNGER? with emotion?
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OLDER- pay attn and rememver POSTIVE more then negative. but beta blockers
YOUNGER: remember NEGATIVE info, but reverse with alcohol! |
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Parts of brain with Emotion & memory?
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Amygdala - almond
Hippocampus- seahorse lateral orbitofrontal cortex |
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Changes in ANS of older ppl?
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Cant regulate body temp
inc risk for hypothermia bad sleep patterns |
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why does the skin wrinkle?
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outer layer more fragile
collagen lose flexibility less fat under skin |
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how quickly our faces wrinkle determined by:
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sun & smoke
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HAIR CHANGES in Old age?
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hair loss- destruction of germ cells that make follicles
-graying from decrease pigment males DONT lose facial hair females GET it--> hormonal |
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VOICE CHANGES?
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softer, trembling, more breathy, slower, lower pitch
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PRESBYCUSIS
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sensory changes in hearing due to atrophy of cells
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what are the physical changes in aging?
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nervous system changes
appearance and mobility vision / hearing taste smell somesthesia & balance |
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cerebrovascular accident?
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blood flow to brain is decreased
STROKE BLOCKAGE or RUPTURE -caused by clot? -important for treatment within 3 hrs |
