Advanced Exam 2

Front 1

Water accounts for _____ -_____% of total body weight depending on age and body fat content.

Back 1

50-75

Front 2

What are the two compartments that make up water in the body?

Back 2

Intracellular Fluid and Extracellular fluid

Front 3

What percentage of water is in intracellular fluid?

Back 3

67

Front 4

What percentage of water is in extracellular fluid?

Back 4

33

Front 5

Plasma and interstitial fluid are part of what water compartment in the body?

Back 5

Extracellular Fluid

Front 6

Percentage of water goes _____ for obese people.

Back 6

down

Front 7

True or False: muscle cells have less water in them than fat cells.

Back 7

False

Front 8

True or false: Older people have less water in their bodies than younger people.

Back 8

True

Front 9

True or False: Water distribution in the intracellular fluids is controlled by filtration and reabsorption forces.

Back 9

False. It is the extracellular fluids

Front 10

The _______ force moves water from plasma (blood vessels) to interstitial fluid.

Back 10

Filtration Force

Front 11

Filtration force is determined by ______ pressure.

Back 11

Hydrostatic

Front 12

The ________ force moves water from interstitial fluid to plasma.

Back 12

Reabsorption

Front 13

Reabsorption force is determined by ______ pressure.

Back 13

osmotic pressure

Front 14

This type of pressure is caused by the pumping of the heart

Back 14

hydrostatic pressure

Front 15

This type of pressure is caused by large proteins present in the plasma

Back 15

osmotic pressure

Front 16

_______ is the protein that drives osmotic pressure.

Back 16

Albumin

Front 17

Which two organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume?

Back 17

Hypothalamus, Kidney

Front 18

________ is the main signal to regulatory factors responsible for maintenance of fluid balance.

Back 18

osmolarity

Front 19

Which hormone, stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart, functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion?

Back 19

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

Front 20

Increased blood pressure triggers the release of what two hormones that relate to osmolarity.

Back 20

ANP, BNP

Front 21

Decreased blood pressure triggers the release of what two hormones that relate to osmolarity.

Back 21

RAAS and ADH

Front 22

RAAS and ADH increase during low blood pressure and stimulate Na and H2O (Retention or Excretion?)

Back 22

Retention

Front 23

ANP and BNP increase during high blood pressure and stimulate Na and H20 (Retention or Excretion?)

Back 23

Excretion

Front 24

Vasopressin is also referred to as _____

Back 24

ADH

Front 25

Which hormone stimulates the movement of aquaporins in the distal convoluted tubule to increase the kidney's permeability to water?

Back 25

ADH (Vasopressin)

Front 26

ADH is synthesized in the ________ but stored in and secreted by the _________.

Back 26

hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

Front 27

This is secreted when there is an increase in extracellular osmolarity or decreased intravascular volume. (When you are dehydrated).

Back 27

ADH (Vasopressin)

Front 28

Where does ADH (Vasopressin) act on the kidney?

Back 28

distal convoluted tubule

Front 29

ADH(Vasopressin) increases permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water by stimulating the movement of _________.

Back 29

Aquaporins (water channels)

Front 30

ADH (Vasopressin) increases or decreases Na absorption.

Back 30

Increases.

ADH stimulates H20 retention, and in turn, increase Na retention.

Front 31

True or False

ADH (Vasopressin) and RAAS have the same function.

Back 31

False

They both, in turn, stimulate H20 retention and Na reabsorption, but they do not have the same function to make this happen

Front 32

True or False: Angiotensin I stimulates the release of ADH.

Back 32

False, Angiotensin II stimulates the release of ADH

Front 33

Where does aldosterone function in the kidney?

Back 33

Distal ascending loop of Henle

Front 34

True or False: Aldosterone main function is to excrete H20 and Na

Back 34

False

Functions to increase H20 and Na absorption

Front 35

Aldosterone works in the distal ascending loop of Henle and collecting ducts to:

Back 35

Stimulate sodium absorption and potassium excretion

Front 36

Which hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules?

Back 36

Aldosterone

Front 37

Aldosterone regulates ____% of filtered Na

Back 37

8

Front 38

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Back 38

nephron

Front 39

What is the major system that controls sodium retention and potassium excretion?

Back 39

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)

Front 40

True or False: Renin is secreted in the response to a decrease in blood pressure.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Where is renin secreted?

Back 41

by the afferent arteriole of glomerulus

Front 42

What is the major function of Renin?

Back 42

To hydrolyze Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I

Front 43

Angiotensinogen is synthesized by what?

Back 43

The liver

Front 44

Angiotensin is converted to Angiotensin II by what enzyme?

Back 44

ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)

Front 45

Where is ACE synthesized?

Back 45

In the Lungs

Front 46

What is the main function of ACE?

Back 46

To convert Angiotensin to Angiotensin II

Front 47

Aldosterone is released by the ________ _________ in response to the stimulation by what hormone?

Back 47

Adrenal cortex

Angiotensin II

Front 48

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of what two hormones?

Back 48

Aldosterone and ADH (Vasopressin)

Front 49

____________ is a potent vasoconstrictor, stimulates the release of ADH and the thirst center of the hypothalamus.

Back 49

Angiotensin II

Front 50

How do you measure the anion gap?

Back 50

Measured Cations (Na+)-Measured Anions (Cl-+HCO3-)

Front 51

Which of the following is not a cation present in the extracellular fluid. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Bicarbonate

Back 51

Bicarbonate

It is an anion, not a cation

Front 52

_______ _______ is the clinical parameter for establishing metabolic diseases that can alter electrolyle balance.

Back 52

Anion Gap

Front 53

True or False: the anion gap is the concentration of unmeasured cations and anions

Back 53

True

Front 54

What specifically does the anion gap measure?

Back 54

It measures organic acids, negatively charges proteins, phosphates, and sulfates

Front 55

The family of drugs called ACE-Inhibitors is prescribed to patients with high blood pressure. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs?

Back 55

They inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I into Angiotensin II

Arikawa Answer: Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme and prevents breakdown of bradykinin, which causes vasodilation and potentiates the action of ACE inhibitors

Front 56

Where do ACE inhibitors act?

Back 56

In the lungs. ACE is synthesized in the lungs

Front 57

What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

Back 57

Arikawa Answer: Inhibit the sodium- chloride-potassium cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, leading to less reabsorption (25% of sodium). It is the most potent of the diuretics.

Front 58

What is the most potent of the diuretics? Loop, Thiazide, Potassium-sparing?

Back 58

Loop diuretics

Front 59

What is the mechanism of actions of potassium sparing diuretics?

Back 59

Arikawa Answer:

1.Some of these drugs don’t act directly on sodium transport but on aldosterone receptors in the collecting duct.

2.Others inhibit sodium channels associated with aldosterone-sensitive sodium pump, which spares potassium

Front 60

<5 mg Na per serving

Back 60

Sodium Free

Front 61

<35 mg Na per serving but greater than 5mg

Back 61

Very low sodium

Front 62

<140 mg Na per serving but greater than 35mg

Back 62

Low Sodium

Front 63

At least 25% less Na per serving compared to regular product

Back 63

Reduced or Less Sodium

Front 64

What are the three major pathways of absorption of sodium?

Back 64

1. Na/Glucose Cotransport System SGLT1

2. Na/Cl Cotransport system

3. Electrogenic Na Absorption

Front 65

Regardless of the mechanism of absorption of sodium into the enterocyte, transport across the basolateral membrane is mediated by

Back 65

Sodium/Potassium ATPase Pump

Front 66

In the Na/Cl cotransport system, Na and Cl enter the cell while _____ and _____ leave the cell.

Back 66

H+ and Bicarbonate

Front 67

McCarron paper, What is the overall idea of the paper?

Back 67

1. public policy cannot change sodium intake because the intake is set by human physiology.

2. Decreased sodium intake would lead to an increase in renin and angiotensin, which could contribute to the further progression of the disease.

Front 68

True or false: The mean sodium intake across the globe seem to fall in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg per day.

Back 68

True

Front 69

________ are the primary tissue for excretion of potassium.

Back 69

kidneys

Front 70

True or False: The same hormones that affect Na+ excretion affect potassium excretion in the same direction.

Back 70

False, in the opposite direction

Front 71

Which is the following is not a mechanism by which potassium lowers blood pressure

Increase in smooth muscle relaxation

Increase in renin secretion

Reduction of urinary excretion of Ca and Mg

Stimulate sodium excretion

Back 71

Increase in renin secretion

Explain: Renin increases Na absorption and decreases potassium which would increase blood pressure, not lower it.

Front 72

What is the major intracellular cation?

Back 72

Potassium

Front 73

____% of K is reabsorbed from glomerular filtrate with hormonal influence.

Back 73

8

Front 74

Deficiency of potassium is most commonly seen in which situations?

Back 74

With use of certain blood pressure medication

Excess vomiting

Excess Diarrhea

Front 75

Thiazides and loop diuretics are major medications that can waste what micronutrient?

Back 75

potassium

Front 76

True or False: Potassium deficiency is related to deficiency of the eye.

Back 76

False

It is related to muscles

Front 77

True or False: Nervous irritability, glucose intolerance, and mental disorientation are all symptoms of potassium deficiency

Back 77

True

Front 78

True or False: A deficiency in potassium could lead to excessive levels of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria)

Back 78

True

Front 79

Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia lead to:

Back 79

cardiac arrhythmias

Front 80

True or False: A potassium deficiency can lead to lower blood pressure, slowed bone turnover and low levels of calcium in the urine.

Back 80

False

(Potassium deficiency is associated with elevated blood pressure, abnormal bone turnover and elevated calciuria)

Front 81

What is the major function of chloride?

Back 81

Maintenance of gastric acidity

Another way to phrase: Formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Front 82

Which micronutrient is used by white blood cells to destroy foreign substances?

Back 82

Chloride

Front 83

What is the major role of chloride in the red blood cells?

Back 83

To maintain a neutral charge

Front 84

The chloride shift is an exchange between ______ ions and _______ ions in red blood cells which allows for transport of CO2 and O2.

Back 84

Chloride and Bicarbonate

Front 85

True or False: Na is positively correlated with blood pressure while potassium is negatively correlated with blood pressure.

Back 85

True

Front 86

True or False: Effect of K supplementation on BP is more pronounces in Hispanics and those who are salt sensitive.

Back 86

False (African Americans, not Hispanic)

Front 87

True or False: Na is correlated with insulin resistance.

Back 87

True

Front 88

True or False: Calcium and Magnesium have a strong correlation with the levels of blood pressure.

Back 88

False, they have weak connections.

Front 89

Which is the following is not a characteristic of the DASH diet?

3g Na

8-10 servings of fruits and vegetables

Limit red meats

Decreased consumption of Nuts and seeds

Back 89

Decreased consumption of Nuts and seeds

Front 90

How many mg of K are required on the DASH diet?

Back 90

4500 mg

Front 91

True or False: Alcohol is ok to consume on the DASH diet?

Back 91

False

Front 92

What two proteins can absorb Manganese (Mn2+)?

Back 92

DMT1 AND ZIP14

Front 93

How is manganese homeostasis maintained in the body?

Back 93

It is maintained by control of intestinal absorption and urinary excretion.

Front 94

True or False: Manganese absorption is very limited and it is absorbed typically in its more reduced form.

Back 94

True

Front 95

What protein is bound to manganese when it is transported to the liver?

Back 95

Alpha-2 Macroglobulin

Front 96

Once manganese is transported to the liver by alpha-2 macroglobulin, what are the 3 main ways it can leave?

Back 96

1. Free Mn2+

2. Bound to proteins (albumin, a-2 macroglobulin, B-globulin or Y-globulin)

3. Oxidized by ceruloplasmin to Mn3+ and bound to transferrin

Front 97

True or False: Iron and Manganese share some commonalities as far as transport goes?

Back 97

True (They are both transported out of the liver by being oxidized by ceruloplasmin and bound to transferrin for transport)

Front 98

True or False: Most of the manganese is bound to transferrin for transport.

Back 98

False, more is bound to other proteins (albumin, and globulins)

Front 99

What are the 5 things that inhibit manganese absorption and transport?

Back 99

1. Fiber

2. Phytic acid

3. Oxalic acid

4. Iron (competes for DMT1)

5. Copper

Front 100

What are the 3 things that stimulate manganese absorption and transport?

Back 100

LMW Ligands

Histidine

Citrate

Front 101

Although manganese can be replaced by magnesium in several enzymatic reactions, one reaction that requires manganese for activation is:

Back 101

The synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by glycosyl transferase

Front 102

What micronutrient acts as the enzyme activator for glycosyl transferase?

Back 102

Manganese

Front 103

glycosyl transferase is important for:

Back 103

connective tissue synthesis

Front 104

True or False: Manganese is a cofactor for the enzyme superoxide dismutase.

Back 104

True

Front 105

What is the function of superoxide dismutase?

Back 105

to prevent lipid peroxidation by superoxide radicals by catalyzing the removal of superoxide radicals.

Front 106

True or False: Superoxide dismutase is a hydroxylase metalloenzyme

Back 106

False, it is an oxido-reductase

Front 107

Where would you find a superoxide dismutase metalloenzyme which has a cofactor of manganese?

Back 107

Mitochondria

Front 108

Which of the following minerals is not a component of the enzyme superoxide dismutase?

Manganese

Zinc

Selenium

Copper

Back 108

Selenium

Front 109

True or False: Copper must be reduced in order for it to be absorbed.

Back 109

True

Front 110

True or False: Before tissue uptake copper must be oxidized

Back 110

False, It must be reduced

Front 111

What chaperone is related to Willson's disease?

Back 111

ATP7B

Front 112

True or False: Free copper can enter the cell without causing any damage.

Back 112

False, Free copper can damage cells. It must be bound to a chaperone such as a histidine, cysteine, glutathione, or others.

Front 113

What 3 things can happen to copper once it enters the enterocyte?

Back 113

1. Stored in the enterocyte

2. Used by the enterocyte

3. Transported across the enterocyte for entry into blood by ATPase ATP7A

Front 114

What protein, located in the basolateral membrane of the intestine, helps transport copper out of the enterocyte and into the circulation?

Back 114

ATPase ATP7A

Front 115

Menke's disease is a mutation in what protein?

Back 115

ATPase ATP7A

Front 116

What is the primary circulating form of ceruloplasmin?

Back 116

Copper

Front 117

Homeostasis of ______ is regulated by absorption of GI tract secretion which contains high amounts of this micronutrient.

Back 117

Copper

Front 118

What protein chaperones copper for insertion into ceruloplasmin in the liver and for bile duct excretion?

Back 118

ATP7B

Front 119

When copper is outside the enterocyte it needs a chaperone. What are the 3 main chaperones of copper outside the cell?

Back 119

1. Ceruloplasmin (60-70%)

2. Albumin

3. a-2-macroglobulin

2&3 make up 30-40%

Front 120

What are the 2 enzymes (that we need to know) in which copper is a cofactor for?

Back 120

1. Superoxide Dismutase

2. Lysyl oxidase

Front 121

Lysyl oxidase requires what micronutrient as a cofactor?

Back 121

copper

Front 122

What are the 2 functions of lysyl oxidase?

Back 122

1. catalyzes the removal of an amino group from lysine or hydroxylysine of collagen.

2. Oxidizes the terminal end of an aldehyde to form cross-links

Front 123

True or False: Lysyl oxidase is an amino oxidase

Back 123

True

Front 124

True or False: When copper is inside of the cell and needs to be stored is can be bound to methionine

Back 124

False, it is bound to metallothionein

Front 125

What two micronutrients are commonly bound to metallothionein?

Back 125

Copper and Zinc

Front 126

Copper can be stored in the intestinal cells and liver cells by binding to:

Back 126

metallothionein

Front 127

Where is copper mainly stored?

Back 127

In the liver

Front 128

Copper and Zinc-dependent superoxide dismutase is located where in the body?

Back 128

In the plasma or other compartments of the cell, which are NOT THE MITOCHONDRIA!

Front 129

______ is at the active site of superoxide dismutase.

Back 129

copper

Front 130

True or False: Superoxide dismutase functions differently when it is bound to manganese rather than copper and zinc.

Back 130

False, its activity is the same. It is just located in a different area of the cell.

Front 131

True or False: Copper and Zinc deficiency leads to a decreased activity of superoxide dismutase.

Back 131

False, only copper deficiency will lead to its decreased activity.

Front 132

Which mineral is critical for oxidizing iron to be bound to transferrin for delivery to the tissues from the gut and liver?

Back 132

Copper

Front 133

True or False: Wilson's disease is a mutation in the ATPase ATP7A gene

Back 133

False, ATP7B gene

Front 134

Wilson's disease is characterized by a genetic defect in the gene encoding for ATP7B protein which leads to

Back 134

impaired excretion of copper into the bile

Front 135

Molybdenum is used to treat cancer and a genetic disorder, both related to molybdenum's interaction with:

Back 135

Copper (molybdenum enhances copper excretion, exploited in treatment of Wilson's disease)

Front 136

What occurs inside the enterocyte before retinol/retinal enters the circulation?

Back 136

Esterification to palmitate

Front 137

True or False: Vitamin A and Carotenoids are metabolized in the same way

Back 137

False

Front 138

What are the three types of carotenoids that have vitamin A function?

Back 138

Beta Carotene, Alpha Carotene, Beta Cryptoxanthin

Front 139

Which carotenoid has the greatest provitamin A activity?

Back 139

B-Carotene

Front 140

When retinol is esterified it is incorporated into __________ for transport.

Back 140

chylomicrons

Front 141

What protein bind to esterified retinol or esterified retinal and directs them to the cell for metabolism? (This can also happen to carotenoids)

Back 141

CRBPII (Cellular Retinol-Binding Protein)

Front 142

Retinol released into the circulation from the liver can be bound to either albumin or RBP/TTR whereas beta-carotene is mostly transported by

Back 142

lipoproteins

Front 143

Retinol may be stored in the liver in specialized cells called:

Back 143

stellate cells and parenchymal cells

Front 144

50% of beta-carotene is stored in what type of lipoprotein?

Back 144

LDL

Front 145

Retinol is stored in the

Back 145

Liver

Front 146

Carotenoids are stored in the

Back 146

liver and adipose tissue

Front 147

What is SR-B1

Back 147

Protein that helps absorb vitamin A into the enterocyte

Front 148

What protein binds to retinoic acid to direct it to the nucleus of cells so it can function in gene expression

Back 148

CRABP

Front 149

What is the function of LRAT?

Back 149

Esterifies a fatty acid (palmitate) onto the CRBPII-bound retinol to form CRBPII-retinylpalmitate

Front 150

Within the nucleus, all-trans retinoic acid and/or 9-cis retinoic acid binds to nuclear retinoic acid receptors to:

a. Direct differentiation of keratinocytes

b. increase the synthesis of gap junction proteins

c. increase glycoprotein synthesis to induce cell adhesion (stimulate differentiation)

d. All of the above

Back 150

D. All of the above

Front 151

What form of vitamin A needed for the visual cycle?

Back 151

11-cis retinal

Front 152

11-cis retinal is also referred to as:

Back 152

rhodopsin

Front 153

True or False: When light hits the eye, trans-retinal is converted into cis-retinal

Back 153

False, cis-retinal is converted into trans-retinal

Front 154

what makes rhodopsin

Back 154

opsin and cis-retinal

Front 155

What is the function of carotenoids?

Back 155

They function as antioxidants because they possess the ability to react with and quench free radical reactions in lipid membranes or compartments and possible in solution.

Front 156

Which micronutrient deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism by reducing retinol-binding protein?

Back 156

Zinc. Zinc is needed for the synthesis of retinol-binding protein

Front 157

True or False: Excess Vitamin A interferes with Vitamin D absorption.

Back 157

False, Vitamin K absorption

Front 158

True or False: High B-carotene intake may decrease plasma Vitamin E

Back 158

True

Front 159

How is iron metabolism interrelated with both carotenoids and vitamin A?

Back 159

1.Required for conversion of B-Carotene to Vitamin A

2. Vitamin A deficiency may be associated with iron-deficiency anemia

Front 160

What is RAE?

Back 160

Retinol Activity Equivalents

Front 161

How many times B-carotene is needed for 1 ug of retinol?

Back 161

12

Front 162

Xerophthalmia and Bitot's spot are classical signs of:

Back 162

Vitamin A Deficiency

Front 163

From the liver; only one form of vitamin E is incorporated into VLDL for transport in the blood, which is also the most biologically active form, named:

Back 163

alpha-tocopherol

Front 164

This micronutrient is mainly found in plant-derived foods, particularly vegetable oil

Back 164

Vitamin E

Front 165

From the enterocyte, vitamin E gets transported via:

Back 165

chylomicrons

Front 166

True or False: Vitamin A and E are both transported via chylomicrons

Back 166

True

Front 167

True or False: Supplementation of Vitamin E does not provide any extra benefits and in some cases may increase mortality.

Back 167

True

Front 168

_________ is thought to act synergistically with ________ to inhibit lipid peroxidation.

Back 168

Beta-carotene, vitamin E

Front 169

True or False: selenium requires digestion

Back 169

False

Front 170

1. methionine and cysteine are what type of amino acids?

2. What is the different between selenomethionine and regular methionine

Back 170

1. sulfur amino acids

2. The sulfur is replaced by a selenium

Front 171

Which of the following bests describes the function of vitamin E?

a. maintenance of membrane integrity

b. prevention of lipid peroxidation

c. destruction of singlet molecular oxygen

d. all of the above

Back 171

D. all of the above

Front 172

soil concentrations of ______ deeply affect the levels of this micronutrient in foods?

Back 172

selenium

Front 173

What two things are needed to make endogenous selenocysteine

Back 173

selenophosphate and serine

Front 174

Selenophosphate can be made from all other forms of selenium by the enzyme:

Back 174

Selenophosphate synthetase II

Front 175

True or False: dietary selenocysteine can be used as a cofactor for Se-dependent enzymes (as part of tRNA during protein synthesis).

Back 175

False, only endogenously made selenocysteine

Front 176

Although dietary selenocysteine cannot be used by the body to synthesize seleno-dependent proteins, it is important for the synthesis of _______ which is used to make endogenous selenocysteine

Back 176

selenophosphate

Front 177

Selenium may be found in foods in its organic form or inorganic form. The organic forms correspond to:

a. selenomethionine

b. selenocysteine

c. selenoglutathione

d.both a and b

e. all of the above

Back 177

d. Both a and b

Front 178

What are the inorganic forms of selenium?

Back 178

Selenide, selenite, selenate

Front 179

One of the common features of several seleno-cysteine dependent protein/enzymes is their role in:

Back 179

antioxidant activity

Front 180

Whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity may reflect long-term status of which micronutrient?

Back 180

selenium (glutathione peroxidase requires selenium in their structure)

Front 181

Metabolism of selenium in the liver involves the synthesis of which protein which also serves as the main transport protein of selenium in blood?

Back 181

Selenoprotein P

Front 182

Which of the following is required for iodine metabolism

a. Copper

b. Manganese

c. Chromium

d. Selenium

Back 182

selenium (Selenium deficiency impairs thyroid hormone metabolism by inhibiting the synthesis and activity of the iodothyronine 5'- deiodinases, which convert T4 to T3. )

Front 183

True or False: Thioredoxin reductase, the enzyme that functions in cellular redox state maintenance, requires selenium in its structure.

Back 183

True

Front 184

Most animals synthesize their own ascorbic acid from ________

Back 184

glucose

Front 185

Why can't we make vitamin C?

Back 185

Humans, rats and other primates lack the enzyme gulonolactone oxidase

Front 186

Which of the following nutrients can be absorbed via GLUT transporters in its oxidized form?

Back 186

Vitamin C (it is synthesized from glucose!)

Front 187

The four H's characterized by hyperkeratosis, hematologic abnormalities, hemorrhagic signs, and hypochondriasis are manifestations of:

Back 187

Vitamin C deficiency

Front 188

Which of the following molecules synthesized with the help of vitamin C underscores the importance of vitamin C to fat metabolism?

Tyrosine

Collagen

Carnitine

Lysine

Back 188

Carnitine (vitamin C it required for carnitine synthesis which is critical for LCFA metabolism)

Front 189

Vitamin C works as an antioxidant to reduce all of the following except

a. Iron

b. Copper

c. Zinc

d. dihydrobiopterin

Back 189

Zinc

Front 190

Intake of ascorbic acid aids in absorption of

Back 190

non-heme iron

Front 191

Vitamin C acts as a cofactor in collagen synthesis by

Back 191

maintaining iron in its reduced state

Front 192

True or False: Three hydroxylation reactions, using vitamin C, enable the collagen molecule to cross-link

Back 192

True

Front 193

Which of the following best describes the interaction between vitamin C and vitamin E

Back 193

Vitamin C reduces vitamin E that has been oxidized

Front 194

Which of the following compounds does not contribute to the regeneration of vitamin C that has been oxidized?

a. Niacin

b. Glutathione

c. Thioredoxin

d. dihydrolipoic acid

e. Carnitine

Back 194

e.carnitine

Front 195

Which protein is primarily responsible for the transport of zinc in the body?

Back 195

Albumin or ZIP4

Front 196

The mutation of what transporter leads to acrodermatitis enteropathica?

Back 196

ZIP4 (related to zinc)

Front 197

Maintenance of Zinc homeostasis is done primarily by binding zinc to _______ which prevents its transport into the blood.

Back 197

Metallothionein

Front 198

What are the three main functions of metallothionein?

Back 198

1. Regulatedistribution and transfer of Zn to enzymes

2. Scavengefree hydroxyl radicals

3. Synthesisincreases under acute phase response

Front 199

True or False: Metallothionein would be a good indicator of zinc under metabolic stress

Back 199

False, Synthesis increases under acute phase response which would not be a good reflection of zinc stores.

Front 200

Which of the following are metalloenzymes which require zinc to function?

a. Carboxypeptidases

b. Superoxide dismutase

c. alcohol dehydrogenase

d. Carbonic Anhydrase

e. All of the above

Back 200

e. all of the above

Front 201

The role of zinc in gene expression is attributed to the formation of

Back 201

Zinc fingers

Front 202

Growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, wound healing, dermatitis , Alopecia- loss of hair ,Impaired immune function , and decreased taste acuity (hypogeusia) are all common symptoms of what:

Back 202

a deficiency in zinc