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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Psychology? |
The study of human behavior and experience. |
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Free will VS Determinism |
Do we have free choice, or are things determined by external factors? |
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Mind VS Body |
is the mind independent of the body, or is it produced by the brain? |
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Nature VS Nurture |
What accounts most for individual differences: heredity or environment? |
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Biopsychosocial Model |
Model: |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
*1832-1920 *"Founder of Psychology" *Founded first psychology lab in 1879 at the university of Lepizig. |
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Edward Titchener |
*1867-1927 *English; 1890 he went to study under Wundt. *Came to the U.S in 1892. *Structuralist |
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Structuralism |
*Understand how mental representations are structured by breaking the mind into parts. *EX: different opinions of same object. *Relied upon introspection |
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William James |
*1842-1910 *1st American-born psychologist *Brother of novelist Henry James *Taught the 1st psych course at Harvard *Functionalist |
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Functionalism |
*Understand the mind's functioning and how it produces useful useful behavior. *Focus on adaptive mental functions *EX: How is fear useful? *Don't be concerned with what the mind "is" *Influential Functionalists: -G.Stanely Hall - Edward L. Thorndike |
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G. Stanley Hall |
*1846-1924 *American; earned Ph.D. under James at Harvard. * Later studied under Wundt * Established 1st psych lab in the US in 1883 (Johns Hopkins University) |
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Sigmund Freud |
* 1856-1939 * First to suggest that: 1.) Past experiences, and 2.) Unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, etc., influence present behavior. |
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John B. Watson |
*1878-1958 *Earned Ph.D. in psych at University of Chicago * Functionalist influence * "Father of Behaviorism" |
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Behaviorism |
*Only study that which is observable and measurable. *rejected introspection-> too subjective *introduced stimulus-response psychology *Dominated from the early 1900's until the 1950's when cognitive psychology emerged. |
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Ivan Pavlov |
*1849-1936 *The "Russian Watson" * First Identified learning principle of classical *Won 1904 Nobel Prize |
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B.F. Skinner |
*1904-1990 *Most influential and prominent radical behaviorist. |
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Lightner Witmer |
*1867-1956 *Founded world's 1st psychology clinic in 1896 at Penn. |
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Carl Rogers |
*1902-1987 *Humanistic psych *Pioneered therapy techniques that are predominant today |
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The Goals of Science |
1.) Measurement & Description 2.)Understanding & Prediction 3.)Application & Control |
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The Scientific Method |
1.) Formulate a Hypothesis 2.)Method 3.)Results 4.)Interpretation 5.)Disseminate Findings |
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Research Issues Replication |
*The ability of a researcher to obtain the same basic results of a study provided the same methodology is used. EX: The "mozart Effect" |
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Research Issues Falsification |
*The ability to "disprove" a theory b/c it makes precise statements about relationships amongst variables. EX:"All clowns have red afros"; "Watching 300 makes kids violent." |
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The Experiment Operationalize terms/variables |
*Specifies the procedure for measuring something or assigning it numerical value. EX: Aggression, alcohol consumption. |
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The Experiment Independent Variables |
*The item the experimenter manipulates/controls. EX: Watching violent VS nonviolent TV program, Receiving 20 mg VS 0 mg of anti-anxiety med, Engaging in exercise program 1 VS experiment program 2 |
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The Experiment Dependent Variable |
*The item the experimenter measures to detect change in the participant. EX: Aggression level, anxiety level, body fat %. |
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Assign Participants to 1 of 2 groups |
*Random assignment: Every Sx has an equal chance to be assigned to either group. |
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Experimental Group |
*Receives treatment/ intervention *Experiences IV and DV |
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Control Group |
*Treated the same as Exp. group, but does not receive treatment (experiences DV only) *placebo sometimes given |
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Nonexperimental Research |
*Naturalistic observation *Case studies *Surveys |
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Nonexperimental Research Advantages |
*Gather information when experiment not possible. *Allows for opportunistic data collection |
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Nonexperimental Research Disadvantages |
*Can't control extraneous variables= cannot establish causation. |
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The Neuron Soma |
*Contains cell nucelus |
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The Neuron Dendrites |
*receive information from other neurons |
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The Neuron Axon |
*long fiber; runs from soma and has "branches" at the end |
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The Neuron Terminal Boutons |
*send information to other neurons |
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The Neuron Myelin |
*surrounds the axons of some neurons |
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The Neuron Nodes of Ranvier |
*"breaks" in myelin sheath. |
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The Neuron Axon Hillcock |
*Point in the neuron where the axon begins to flow from the soma. |
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Neuron Facts Charge at rest |
-70mV |
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What will make a neuron fire? |
*If a neuron receives enough stimulation from other neurons (or from the physical world-sensory information) |
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Action potential= |
* cell firing |
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All or none law |
*Do, or do not: there is no try |
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Electrochemical Process |
*charged particles, neurotransmitters release |
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Depolarization= |
*charge "flips" to +30 mV |
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Action Potential Purpose |
*release neurotransmitters (NTs) into synapse |
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Synapse |
*The "gap" between the terminal of one cell and the dendrite of another cell. |
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What will the NTs do when picked up by other neurons? |
*They will either excite or inhibit the neurons. |
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The Nervous System Peripheral |
*Everything other than brain/spinal cord |
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What are the two divisions of peripheral? |
*Somatic ~skeletal muscle (voluntary movement) *Automatic ~Internal organs (involuntary processes)
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What are the two branches of automatic? |
*Sympathetic ~"fight or flight" response *Parasympathetic ~Energy conservation |
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Brain Structures Medulla |
*heart rate, respiration |
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Brain Structures Pons |
*relays information between cerebellum and rest of brain. |
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Brain Structures Cerebellum |
*motor coordination & memory |
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Brain Structures Thalamus |
*sensory relay system |
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Brain Structures Corpus callosum |
*connects hemispheres |
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Brain Structures Hypothalamus |
*appetite, sex, body water
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Brain Structures Hippocampus |
*learning & memory |
