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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nativist
(definition and who) |
inborn traits
Plato |
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Empiricist
(definition and who) |
knowledge acquired through observation
Aristotle |
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Dualism
(definition and who) |
Separation of the mind and the physical body, allowing for communication between the two.
Rene Descartes |
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Phrenology
(definition and who) |
traits and characteristics map onto the size of brain regions which can be observed through differences in the bumps on the skull. -bigger heads are smarter-
Franz Joseph Gall |
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Paul Broca
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-observation of naturally occurring lesions and associated dysfunction
-supports localization and specificity of function |
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Hermann Von Helmholtz
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-measured speed of nerve impulses via reaction time
-demonstrated that mental processes are not instantaneous |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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-"father of psychology"
-authorized first text of psych "Principles of Psychology" |
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Consciousness
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a person's subjective experience of the world and of the mind
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Structuralism
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analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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Introspection
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subjective observation of one's own experience
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Functionalism
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the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
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Gestalt Psychology
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a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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Humanism
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Maslow and Rogers
-an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings |
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Behaviorism
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-the scientific study if objectively observable behavior
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Classical Conditioning
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-unconditioned stimulus- unconditioned response
-conditioned stimulus- unconditioned response |
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John B. Watson
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-influenced by Pavlov and believed the goal of scientific psychology should be to predict and control behavior for the benefit of society
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Negative Reinforcement
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subtracting something so behavior occurs
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Empiricism
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the belief that accurate knowledge of the world requires observation of it
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Dogmatism
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the tendency to lay down principles as in controvertibly true, without consideration of evidence or the opinions of others
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Empirical Method
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a set of rules and techniques for observation
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Parsimony
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begin to explain phenomena using the simplest theory, only complicate this theory if evidence demands it
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Validity
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the extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related
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Reliability
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tendency for a measure to produce the same results whenever it is used to measure the same thing
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Demand characteristics
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aspects of a setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave
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Hawthorne effect
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observation affects behavior
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Observer effect
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expectations influence evaluation
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Correlation
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pattern of covariation (relatedness) that occurs between two variables
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Correlation coefficients
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-signified as r
-perfect pos corr r=1 -perfect neg corr r=-1 -not related r=o |
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Independent variable
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hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable. manipulated by researcher
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Dependent variable
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the variable that is measured in a study
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Neuron
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cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information processing tasks
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The Neuron Doctrine
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the nervous system is composed entirely of discrete individual cells
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Dendrites
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receive signals
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Terminal
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connects signals to dendrites of other neurons
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Axon
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leads to terminal
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Glial cells
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-provide supports and nutrients to neurons
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Sensory neurons
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sensory signals to the brain
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Motor neurons
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contriggers muscle contractions
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Interneurons
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connect sensory and motor neurons to other interneurons
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Resting potential
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the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
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Action potential
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electrical signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse
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Refractory period
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the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
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Hindbrain
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coordinates info coming in and out of spinal cord (reptilian brain, oldest)
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Midbrain
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area of brain that is important for orientation and movement
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Forebrain
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highest level of the brain and controls complex cognitive
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Pituitary gland
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releases hormones
-involved in stress and digestion |
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Thalamus
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transmits info to the cerebral cortex
-receives direct inputs from all major senses except smell |
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Hypothalamus
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regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sex drives (fighting, fleeing, feeding and fucking)
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Amygdala
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formation of emotional memories
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Basal ganglia
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a group of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements
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Corpus callosum
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thick band of nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres, allows information to cross hemispheres
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Occipital lobe
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region located at the back of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
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Temporal lobe
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region located at the lower side of each hemisphere that is responsible for hearing and language
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Parietal lobe
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located in front of occipital lobe which includes processing information about touch
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Frontal lobe
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located at front, specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgment
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Glutamate
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-excitatory neurotransmitter
-info transmission -important in learning and memory formation |
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GABA
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-inhibitory neurotransmitter
-depressants act at this receptor |
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Acetylcholine
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-enables muscle action
-involved in attention, learning, memory, sleeping and dreaming |
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Serotonin
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-involved in the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, eating and aggressive behavior
-implicated in mood disorders such as depression |
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Dopamine
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-regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal
-increased levels=schizophrenia -low levels=parkinsons |
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Endorphins
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-class of chemicals which act as a natural painkillers within the brain
-can dull pain and induce euphoria(runners high) |
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Agonist
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mimics or increases the effect of a natural neurotransmitter
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Antagonist
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blocks the function of a transmitter
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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records electrical activity
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CT scan
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series of X-rays taken in slices then connected by computers
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MRI
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higher resolution image using magnetic frequency
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Sensation
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most basic way in which we sense the environment, response to stimuli
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Perception
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interpretations
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Synesthesia
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perceptual experience of one sense that is evoked by another sense
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Psychophysics
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methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observers sensitivity to that stimulus
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Transduction
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conversion of one form of energy to another
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Monocular depth cues
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aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye
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Binocular disparity
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the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth
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Frequency
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corresponds to our perception of pitch
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Amplitude
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corresponds to our perception of loudness
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Complexity
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corresponds to our perception of tibre
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Place code
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cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along the basilar membrane
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Temporal code
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cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve
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Haptic perception
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our active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands
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Receptor cells
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perceive touch, density greater on fingers, lips and tongue
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Free nerve endings
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A delta fibers transmit the initial sharp pain C fibers transmit longer lasting dull pain
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Gate control theory
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signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feed back from two directions
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Primary tastes
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sweet, sour, bitter, umami
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Olfaction
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-straight to brain, not through thalamus
-connect to temporal lobe |
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Cognitive psychology
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the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
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Evolutionary psychology
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explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
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Norepinephrine
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neurotransmitter that influences mood and arousal
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Central nervous system
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the part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
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part of the nervous system that connects the CNS to the body's organs and muscles
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Somatic nervous system
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set of nerves that conveys info into and out of the CNS
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Autonomic nervous system
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set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands
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Sympathetic nervous system
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set of nerves that prepare the body for action in threatening situations
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state
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Weber's law
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the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity
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Retina
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light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball
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Cones
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photo receptors that detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allows us to focus on fine detail
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Rods
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photo receptors that become active under low light conditions for night vision
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Fovea
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an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods
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Loudness
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sound's intensity
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Pitch
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how high or low sound is
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Timbre
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listeners experience of sounds quality or resonance
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