Psych 100 Ch 8

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Front 2

Recall

Back 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as in a fill-in-the-blank test.

Front 3

Recognition

Back 3

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Front 4

Relearning

Back 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Front 5

Encoding

Back 5

The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning.

Front 6

Storage

Back 6

The retention of encoded information over time.

Front 7

Retrieval

Back 7

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Front 8

Sensory Memory

Back 8

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Front 9

Short-Term Memory

Back 9

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Front 10

Long-term Memory

Back 10

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Front 11

Working Memory

Back 11

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Front 12

Explicit Memory

Back 12

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare". (Also called declarative memory.)

Front 13

Effortful Processing

Back 13

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Front 14

Automatic Processing

Back 14

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Front 15

Implicit Memory

Back 15

Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

Front 16

Iconic Memory

Back 16

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Front 17

Echoic Memory

Back 17

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Front 18

Chunking

Back 18

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Front 19

Mnemonics

Back 19

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Front 20

Spacing Effect

Back 20

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Front 21

Shallow Processing

Back 21

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

Front 22

Deep Processing

Back 22

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Front 23

Hippocampus

Back 23

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Front 24

Flashbulb Memory

Back 24

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Front 25

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Back 25

An increase in cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Front 26

Priming

Back 26

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Front 27

Mood-Congruent Memory

Back 27

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

Front 28

Serial Position Effect

Back 28

Our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primary effect) in a list.

Front 29

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 29

An inability to form new memories.

Front 30

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 30

An inability to retrieve information from one's past.

Front 31

Proactive Interference

Back 31

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Front 32

Retroactive Interference

Back 32

The disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information.

Front 33

Repression

Back 33

In psychoanalytical theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Front 34

Misinformation Effect

Back 34

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

Front 35

Source Amnesia

Back 35

Attributing to the wrong source and event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Along with the misinformation effect, it is the heart of many false memories.

Front 36

Déjà Vu

Back 36

That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.