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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pavlov |
1849-1936; pioneered the emperical study of the basic principles of a particular kind of learning; dog experiment w/ reflexes and reactions; classical conditioning |
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classical conditioning |
learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).
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reflex |
an unlearned response that is not under personal control or choice |
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unconditioned stimulus |
a thing that triggers a natural response |
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unconditioned response |
the unconditioned, natural response of the unconditioned stimulus |
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conditioned stimulus |
a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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neutral stimulus |
initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention; e.g: the dish in Pavlov's experiment |
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conditioned stimulus |
previously neutral stimulus |
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conditioned response |
a learned response to the CS |
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stimulus generalization |
tendency to respond to the stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus; e.g: a person who gets anxiety hearing a dentist's drill might get it when they hear a similar sound |
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extinction |
disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior isn't reinforced |
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voluntary behavior |
choosing a behavior (eating steak) |
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involuntary behavior |
(salivating over food) |
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reinforcement |
anything following a response, that causes the response to increase over time |
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Skinner |
behaviorist who assumed leadership of field after Watson |
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primary reinforcers |
a reinforcement that full fills a basic need (food, water, touch) |
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secondary reinforcers |
reinforcing properties from being associated w/ primary reinforcing |
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positive reinforcement |
the reinforcement of a response by the ADDITION or experience of a pleasurable consequence, such as a reward |
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negative reinforcement |
the removal of something (e.g: removing the 7th and 8th graders from the same hallway as the 5th graders) |
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punishment |
any change in human or animal surroundings that occur after a given behavior or response which reduces the likelihood of the behavior occurring again |
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fixed interval |
a reinforcer is received after a certain fixed interval of time has passed (e.g., getting a pay check each week)
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variable interval |
where the interval of time after which is individual must respond in order to receive a reinforcer changes from one time to the next (e.g., pop quizzes)
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fixed ratio
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number of responses required to receive each reinforcer will always be the same thing (e.g., a rat knowing how many times to pull a lever in order to get a treat) |
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variable ratio
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one in which the number of responses changes from one trial to the nest (e.g., the rat has an average of 20 lever pulls, meaning sometimes it takes 10 or 30 times
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observational learning
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learning of a new behavior through watching the actions of a model |
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4 elements that are required for a model to be effective |
1. attention 2. memory 3. imitation 4. desire |
