Psych Chapter 6 200-231

Front 1

habituation

Back 1

process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Front 2

classical conditioning

Back 2

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimuus that elicits an automatic response

Front 3

uncotioned stimulus

Back 3

stimulus that elicits an automate response

Front 4

unconditioned response

Back 4

automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

Front 5

conditioned response

Back 5

response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

Front 6

conditioned stimulus

Back 6

intially neutral stimulus that comes to licit a response due to association with an unditioned stimulus

Front 7

acquisition

Back 7

learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Front 8

extinction

Back 8

gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned resp[onse after the cont=ditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly with out the unconditioned stimulus

Front 9

renewal effect

Back 9

sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

Front 10

stimulus generalizatin

Back 10

process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to th original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Front 11

stimulus discrimination

Back 11

process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to a conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

Front 12

high order conditioning

Back 12

developingg a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

Front 13

latent inhibition

Back 13

difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus

Front 14

Watson and Rayner experiment with little albert

Back 14

allow little boy to play with rat( kid likes them)
Then watson, snuck up behind the child each time he would play with the rat and would bang the gong behind him

Front 15

fetishism

Back 15

wexual attraction to nonliving things

Front 16

CC vs OC
Target behavior:
Reward is:
Behavior depends primarily on...

Back 16

elicited automatically vs emitted voluntarily
provided unconditionally vs contingent on behavior
autonomic nervous system vs skeletal muscles

Front 17

law of effect

Back 17

principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future proposed by e.l. thorndike

Front 18

insight

Back 18

grasping the underlying nature of a problem

Front 19

skinner box

Back 19

small animal chamber constructed by skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

Front 20

reinforcement

Back 20

outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Front 21

positive reinforcement

Back 21

presentation of a stimulus that strengthened the increase probability of the behavior
ex: child gets a chocolate even time they pick a toy up

Front 22

negative reinforcement

Back 22

removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
ex: ending a child's timeout for whining i8

Front 23

reinforcement

Back 23

any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response

Front 24

positive punishment

Back 24

present stimulus
decrease target behavior

ex: scolding by a pet owner; reducing a dog's habit of chewing on glasses

Front 25

negative punishment

Back 25

removing a stimulus
decreases target behavior

Ex; confiscating a favorite toy, stopping a child from throwing future tantrums

Front 26

spontaneous recovery s

Back 26

sudden reemergence of an extinguished response after a delay

Front 27

discriminative stimulus

Back 27

stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

Front 28

schedule of reinforcement

Back 28

pattern of reinforcing a behavior

Front 29

consistency of administering reinforcement

Back 29

some reinforcement contingencies are fixed, whereas others are variable, may provide stimulus on regular or unregular basis

Front 30

basis of administering reinforcement

Back 30

some reinforcement schedules operate on ratio schedules, whereas others operate on interval schedules

Front 31

fixed ratio schedule

Back 31

we provide reinforcement after a regular number of responses

Ex: give rat a pellet after it presses the lever in skinner box 15 times

Front 32

fixed interval schedule

Back 32

we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once after a specified amount of time has passed

ex: worker in a clock factory gets paid every friday for work she's done

Front 33

variable ratio schedule

Back 33

we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, but the precise number of responses required during any given period varies randomly.

Front 34

variable interval schedule

Back 34

we probide reinforcement for producing the response after an average time interval, with the actual interval varying randomly

Front 35

shaping

Back 35

reinforce behaviors that aren't exactly the target behavior bout that are progressively closer versions of it

Front 36

secondary reinforcer

Back 36

neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer

Front 37

primary reinforcer

Back 37

item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior

Front 38

two process theory

Back 38

we need both classical and operant conditioning to explain the persistence of anxiety disorders

Front 39

latent learning

Back 39

learning that's not directly observable

Front 40

Edward Chace Tolman

Back 40

Tolman: Latent learning- learning that isn't directly observable

Ex: we learn different cultures and people just by watching other people

Front 41

cognitive map

Back 41

mental representation of how a physical space is organized

Front 42

mirror neuron

Back 42

cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action

Front 43

non associative learning

Back 43

increase or decrease in behavior after continuous stimulation

ie( losing interest after listening to same song)

Front 44

associative learning

Back 44

forming connections between stimuli and responses

ie : studying for an exam and a high score

Front 45

generalization gradient

Back 45

the more similar the new cs is to the original cs, the stronger the cr will be

Front 46

Edward L. Thorndike

Back 46

puzzle box studies

Front 47

law of effect

Back 47

if behavior has "satisfying " consequences, then it is more likely to be repeated

if behavior has "annoying" consequences, then it is likely to be repeated

Front 48

latent learning

Back 48

just witnessing info can be enough to elicit learning

Front 49

observational learning

Back 49

operant conditioning implies need for direct reinforcement and punishment of behavior