Psych Chapter 4

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

the information that arrives from sense organs

Front 2

perception

Back 2

the mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns

Front 3

perceptual features

Back 3

basic stimulus patterns

Front 4

sensory coding

Back 4

converting important features of the world into messages understood by the brain

Front 5

data reduction systems

Back 5

senses are the limited in certain ways and send only the most important information to the brain

Front 6

cornea, pupil, lens, retina

Back 6

What is the path that light takes through the eye?

Front 7

to focus light rays on the retina

Back 7

What is the function of the lens?

Front 8

controlling the amount of light entering the eye

Back 8

What is the function of the iris?

Front 9

retina

Back 9

Where is light energy converted into nerve impulses?

Front 10

accomodation

Back 10

changes in the shape of the lens of the eye

Front 11

photoreceptors

Back 11

The retina hols many small light-sensitive cells called ________.

Front 12

rods

Back 12

responsible for dim light and black-white vision

Front 13

cones

Back 13

responsible for seeing colors and bright light

Front 14

blind spot

Back 14

the area of the retina lacking visual receptors

Front 15

pitch

Back 15

the higher or lower tone of a sound

Front 16

frequency

Back 16

pitch is also related to this, the number of sound waves per second

Front 17

sound intensity

Back 17

loudness

Front 18

more energy

Back 18

the physical height of sound waves indicates this

Front 19

auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup), cochlea, hair cells

Back 19

order that sound waves travel through the ear

Front 20

conductive hearing loss

Back 20

poor transfer of sounds from tympanic membrane to inner ear (solved with hearing aid)

Front 21

sensorineural hearing loss

Back 21

damage to hair cells or auditory nerve (solved with cochlear implant)

Front 22

color weakness

Back 22

the inability to distinguish some colors

Front 23

color blindness

Back 23

the inability to perceive colors

Front 24

sensory conflict

Back 24

when sensations in the visual, kinesthetic, and vestibular systems don't match

Front 25

lock and key theory

Back 25

odors are related to the shapes of chemicals and molecules

Front 26

pheromones

Back 26

chemical signals related to mating, sexual behavior, recognizing family members, and territorial marking

Front 27

referred pain

Back 27

felt in one part of the body but coming from another

Front 28

somatic pain

Back 28

pain coming from skin, joints, muscles, and tendons

Front 29

warning system pain

Back 29

pain carried by large nerve fibers, tells you body has been damaged, sharp pain

Front 30

reminding system pain

Back 30

pain carried by small nerve fibers, dull pain, reminds brain that body has been injured

Front 31

vestibular system

Back 31

important for balance, position in space, and acceleration

Front 32

semicircular canals

Back 32

fluid filled tubes in the ears that are sensory organs for balance

Front 33

sensory adaptation

Back 33

when sensory receptors respond less to unchanging stimuli (smell and vision)

Front 34

top-down processing

Back 34

pre-existing knowledge that is used to rapidly organize features into a meaningful whole ("Big N")

Front 35

bottom-up processing

Back 35

analyzing information starting at the bottom (small units) and going upward to form a complete perception ("two triangles")

Front 36

divided attention

Back 36

allotting mental effort or space to various tasks or parts of a task (driving)

Front 37

inattentional blindness

Back 37

the inability to see the event or object in view (painting people switch)

Front 38

habituation

Back 38

the situation in which you respond less to predictable or unchanging stimuli or events

Front 39

figure ground organization

Back 39

the way our perception organizes what we see so that part of a stimulus stands out as an object against a plainer background (the vase/faces)

Front 40

closure

Back 40

tendency to complete a figure so that it has a consistent form overall--the mind fills in the lines

Front 41

similarity

Back 41

objects are similar

Front 42

nearness

Back 42

objects aren't bigger, they get closer

Front 43

brightness constancy

Back 43

apparent brightness of an object stays the same under changing lighting conditions (doesn't change color)

Front 44

size constancy

Back 44

perceived size of an object remains constant despite changes in its retinal image size (objects don't actually get bigger or smaller)

Front 45

shape constancy

Back 45

the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image (door opens, not change shape)

Front 46

depth perception

Back 46

ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances

Front 47

visual cliff

Back 47

the apparatus from the video with that older babies wouldn't crawl on because they have depth perception

Front 48

depth cues

Back 48

messages from the body that supply information about distance and space

Front 49

monocular depth cues

Back 49

require one eye

Front 50

binocular depth cues

Back 50

requires two eyes

Front 51

retinal disparity

Back 51

differences in the images that reach the right and left eyes

Front 52

convergence

Back 52

uses both eyes to judge distances under 50 feet

Front 53

one eye

Back 53

how many eyes do you need to judge depth using pictoral cues

Front 54

perceptual features

Back 54

lines, shapes, edges, spots, and colors that provide the brain with information about what is being viewed

Front 55

other-race effect

Back 55

tendency to be better at recognizing faces from one's own racial group

Front 56

illusion

Back 56

length, position, motion, curvature, or direction is constantly misjudged

Front 57

hallucination

Back 57

when people perceive objects or events that have no basis in external reality

Front 58

stroboscopic movement

Back 58

the type of movement used by cartoons