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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fundamental attribution behavior
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the tendency to overemphasize the importance of personality traits and underestimate the importance of situation
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social psychology
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the branch of psychology concerned with how others influence the way a person thinks, feels and acts
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self-concept
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the full store of knowledge that people have about themselves
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self-awareness
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a state in which the sense of self is the object of attention
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objective self awareness
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self-awareness leads people to act in accordance with values and beliefs
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self-discrepancy theory
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awareness of differences between personal standards and goals leads to strong emotions
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self-schema
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the cognitive aspect of the self-concept, consisting of an integrated sete of memories, beliefs and generalizations about the self
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interdependent self-contruals
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self-concepts determined largely by social roles and personal relationships
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independent self-construals
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a view of the self as separate from others, emphasizing self-reliance and the pursuit of personal success
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self-esteem
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the evaluative aspect of the self-concept
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reflected appraisal
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the theory that people's self esteem is based on how they believe others perceive them
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sociometer
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an internal monitor of social acceptance of rejection
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terror management theory
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self-esteem protects from the horror associated with knowing they will eventually die
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better-than-average effect
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when people describe themselves as above average in just about every single way
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self-evaluative maintenance theory
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people can feel threatened when someone close to them outperforms them on a task that is personally relevant
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social comparison
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evaluation of our own actions, abilities and beliefs by contrasting them with other people's
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self-serving bias
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the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
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attitude
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evaluation of objects, events or ideas
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mere exposure effect
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greater exposure to the item leads to more positive attitudes about the item
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implicit attitudes
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attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at unconscious levels
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cognitive dissonance
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the perceptual incongruity that occurs when there is a contradiction between 2 attitidues or between attitude and behavior
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post decisional dissonance
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holding positive attitudes about 2 items but having to choose 1. then focusing on positive aspects of what you chose and negative aspects of what you didnt choose
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persuasion
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the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message
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elaboration likelihood
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a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes
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nonverbal behavior / body language
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facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, movements by which one communicates with others
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gait
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how a person walks
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attributions
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people's causal explanations for why events or actions occur
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just world hypothesis
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victims must have done something to justify what happened to them
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personal / internal / dispositional attributions
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explanations that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods and effort
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situational / external attributions
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explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents or the actions of others
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correspondence bias
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people expect others' behaviors to correspond to their own beliefs and personalities
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actor-observer discrepancy
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when people make attributions about themselves they focus on sitations rather than personal discrepancies
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stereotypes
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cognitive schemas that allow for easy and efficient organization for information about people based on their memebership in certain groups
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false fame effect
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seeing someone's name in a previous task makes it more likely to falsely remember the name as a famous person
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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the observation that people may come to behave in ways that confirm their own or others' expectations
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prejudice
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the affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes
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discrimination
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the inappropriate and unjustifyable treatment of people based solely on their group membership
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outgroup homogenity effect
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people tend to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members
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ingroup favouritism
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the tendency for people to evaluate favourably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup
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social facilitation
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when the mere presence of others enhances performance
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social loafing
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the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone`
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deindividualisation
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a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and filt to attend to personal standards
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risky-shift effect
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groups often made riskier decisions than individuals did
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group polarization
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groups tend to enhance the initial attitudes of members who already agree
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social norms
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expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior
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conformity
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the altering of one's opinions of behavior to match those of others or to match social norms
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autokinetic effect
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a stationary point of light appears to move when viewed in a totally dark environment
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compliance
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the tendency to agree to do things requested by others
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obedience
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the willingness to follow an order given by authority
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foot in the door effect
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people are more likely to comply with a large and undesirable request if they have earlier agreed to a small request
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door in the face effect
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people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a small request
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aggression
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any behavior or action that involved the intention to harm someone else
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frustration- aggression hypohtesis
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the extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the liklihood that they will act aggressively
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cognitive- neoassociationistic model
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frustration leads to aggression because it elicits negative affect
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prosocial
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tending to benefit others
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altruism
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the providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so
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kin selection
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the tendency to be altruistic toward those who share a genetic bond
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inclusive fitness
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the adaptive benefits of transmitting genes rather than focusing on individual survival
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reciprocal helping
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the tendency to help another because the recipient may return the favor
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bystander intervention effect
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the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need
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