Psych: Chapter 15

Front 1

Traits

Back 1

Stable characteristics of a person.

Front 2

States

Back 2

Temporary thoughts, feelings, etc.

Front 3

The Big Five

Back 3

Five crucial dimensions of personality (Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. Each can be subdivided hierarchically. They also vary by culture.

Front 4

Extroversion

Back 4

Having energetic approach towards world.

Front 5

Neuroticism

Back 5

Prone to negative emotion.

Front 6

Agreeableness

Back 6

Trusting and easy going.

Front 7

Conscientiousness

Back 7

Organized, efficient, disciplined approach to life.

Front 8

Openness to experience

Back 8

Intellectual curiosity, unconventionality, interest in new ideas.

Front 9

Raymond Cattell

Back 9

Shortened initial long list of personality-relevant terms.

Front 10

Self-report data

Back 10

Data supplied by research participant describing self. See also Informant data.

Front 11

Informant data

Back 11

Data about a person derived from people who know the person well. See also Self-report data.

Front 12

Personality paradox

Back 12

People's personalities are far less consistent than conceptions may dictate. Mischel showed the lack of correlation.

Front 13

Walter Mischel

Back 13

Showed personality paradox, that personalties are not very consistent from situation to situation.

Front 14

Behavioral data

Back 14

Data based on direct observation of behavior.

Front 15

Self-Monitoring scale

Back 15

Developed by Mark Snyder. Measures degree to which a person alters behavior based on circumstance.

Front 16

Temperament

Back 16

Characteristic pattern of behavior that is evident from an early age.

Front 17

Twin studies

Back 17

Studies that show the genetic similarities between people. Greater genetic similarity means more personality similarity than environmental factors cause.

Front 18

Physiological data

Back 18

Psychologists are able to discover how different personality traits impact biological functioning. Hopes to show how genes shape who we are.

Front 19

Hans Eysenck

Back 19

Came up with theory of introversion/extraversion.

Front 20

Introversion/extraversion theory

Back 20

Eysenck came up with this theory. Says that introverts react more strongly to stimuli than do extraverts. As a result, introverts minimize exposure to external stimuli.

Front 21

Sensation seeking

Back 21

Tendency to seek varied and novel experiences. More likely to drive fast, play risky sports, etc. Theory is sensation seekers have underreactive neurotransmitter systems, leading them to seek out more excitement. See also inhibited temperament.

Front 22

Rat model of drug use

Back 22

Animals that react more to new situations are compared to propensity to take cocaine. Shows sensation seeking.

Front 23

Inhibited temperament

Back 23

Fear of novelty evident in early life. Characterized by overreactive brain response to stimuli. See also sensation seeking.

Front 24

National character

Back 24

Idea that people in different cultures have different personalities. Partially true, many factors play into it (how a group sustains itself, people may move to a new location because they think their characteristics will work better there, etc.)

Front 25

Psychodynamic approach

Back 25

Approach to studying personality that focuses on subtleties. What people do and say is only the tip of the iceberg. Must study dynamics. Founded by Sigmund Freud. See also Humanistic approach and Social-Cognitive approach.

Front 26

Dynamics

Back 26

Hidden psychological forces.

Front 27

Hysteria (conversion disorder)

Back 27

Disorder. Physical and mental complaints. Freud found it in many of his patients. Josef Breuer helped Freud come up with idea that hysteria is due to inability to both hide and express harmful memories.

Front 28

Psychogenic symptoms

Back 28

Psychological cause rather than tissue damage.

Front 29

Jean Charcot

Back 29

French neurologist who noticed that many bodily symptoms were not the result of anatomical disorders.

Front 30

Glove anasthesia

Back 30

Lack of feeling in hand, still have feeling in wrist. Shows that not due to nerve damage, but due to psychological problem.

Front 31

Josef Breuer

Back 31

Helped Freud research causes for hysteria.

Front 32

Free association

Back 32

Method used by Freud to discover troubling memory. Has the patient say whatever first comes to mind.

Front 33

Repression

Back 33

Defense mechanism that pushes bad thoughts out of consciousness.

Front 34

Psychoanalysis

Back 34

More indirect way of uncovering problems in patients. Based on unconscious conflict and psychosexual development.

Front 35

Id, Ego, Superego

Back 35

Names of reaction patterns that encapsulate the internal conflict unconscious conflict.

Front 36

Id

Back 36

Most primitive portion of personality. Blind striving for immediate biological satisfaction regardless of cost (Satisfaction now, not later).

Front 37

Ego

Back 37

Seeks to satisfy the id, but in ways that fit with the confines of society (reality principle).

Front 38

Superego

Back 38

Internalized code of conduct. Able to punish self with guilt.

Front 39

Defense mechanisms

Back 39

Number of reactions that try to ward off anxiety through unconscious means. Repression is a kind of this, as well as many others.

Front 40

Displacement

Back 40

Defense mechanism. Person redirects bad feeling to a more acceptable outlet. Ex: Child angry at parents kicks doll.

Front 41

Reaction formation

Back 41

Defense mechanism. Person reacts in the opposite way of true feeling in order to suppress these unwanted true feelings. Ex: Boy expresses love to sister who he has shameful hatred towards.

Front 42

Rationalization

Back 42

Defense mechanism. Person does something he should not and rationalizes it. Ex: Abusive father says hitting child is for child's own good.

Front 43

Projection

Back 43

Forbidden thoughts and impulses are attributed to another person rather than self. Ex: Person feeling hatred towards someone desperately tells other person that they hate him.

Front 44

Stages of psychosexual development

Back 44

Freud. Sexual developmental stages from infancy through adult sexuality. Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, genital stage.

Front 45

Oral stage

Back 45

Infant's pleasure seeking is derived in mouth.

Front 46

Anal stage

Back 46

Infant's pleasure seeking derived in anus.

Front 47

Phallic stage

Back 47

Child's pleasure seeking derived more from genitals.

Front 48

Genital stage

Back 48

Pleasure seeking derived from own genital stimulation and that of the other person. Culminates psychosexual development.

Front 49

Oedipus complex

Back 49

Males will fall in love with mother. Father begins as rival, boy ends up being scared and throws in the towel, gives up sexual pleasure until much later.

Front 50

Electra complex

Back 50

Girls will fall in love with father. Girls begin attached to mother. Because of penis envy, girl no longer wants mother, who is just as unworthy. Loves father, rejects mother, ends up giving up sexual pleasure until later.

Front 51

Penis envy

Back 51

Female's desire for a penis.

Front 52

Manifest contest

Back 52

What a dreamer experiences. The dream happens after defense-mechanisms have done their work.

Front 53

Carl Jung

Back 53

Argued for collective unconscious, stories and images (archetypes) shared by all humanity. These shape our perceptions.

Front 54

Collective unconscious

Back 54

Carl Jung's belief that all humanity shares a set of stories and images, these are what influence our perceptions and beliefs.

Front 55

Sigmund Freud

Back 55

Came up with psychodynamic approach, stages of psychosexual development, id, ego, superego. His ideas are foundational for the study of personality psychology, but many disagree with some of his findings (ex: importance of repression).

Front 56

Ego psychology

Back 56

Stresses importance of id more than Freud did. Rather than viewing the ego as an arbiter between id and superego, the ego is a clever strategist.

Front 57

Life data

Back 57

Data about a person using concrete, real world outcomes (satisfaction with marriage, friendships, etc.). Used in Vaillant's Harvard study.

Front 58

Object relations

Back 58

School of thought that emphasize real relations a person has with others.

Front 59

Humanistic approach

Back 59

Approach that says that humans want to grow and develop to reach their full potential. Thinks that psychodynamic approach confines people to being dictated strictly by stimuli. We all have the ability to self-actualize. See also Psychodynamic and Social-Cognitive approaches.

Front 60

Phenomenology

Back 60

Study of individuals' own unique first-person perspective on his life, rather than describing how a person behaves based on observations. Understanding one's construal. Humanistic approach values this.

Front 61

Construal

Back 61

The way a person views the world around him.

Front 62

Abraham Maslow

Back 62

Stressed the importance of motivation in the humanistic approach. Created a hierarchy of needs that exceeded simply food and sexual needs.

Front 63

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 63

Abraham Maslow came up with this. Physiological needs at the bottom, self-actualization at the top.

Front 64

Carl Rogers

Back 64

Humanist who believed that self-actualization is a basic human motive, and that we often manage to do so against the odds. Came up with self-theory.

Front 65

William James

Back 65

Humanist who made the distinction between the "I" and the "Me." I is agent who takes action, while me is seen and thought about, liked or disliked.

Front 66

Self-theory

Back 66

Carl Rogers's theory that individual actively tries to satisfy needs in a manner that is consistent with self-image.

Front 67

Self-schema

Back 67

Idea of the self that shapes behaviors and perceptions. Includes Actual self and possible self. See also personal myths.

Front 68

Personal myth

Back 68

Story of our life that we use to provide our lives with meanings.

Front 69

Actual selves

Back 69

Self-schema for whom one is at the moment.

Front 70

Possible self

Back 70

Self-schema of what we may become.

Front 71

Promotion and prevention foci

Back 71

Focus to either go from or not go from actual self scheme to possible self schema.

Front 72

Self-esteem

Back 72

Balance of positive and negative judgements about oneself.

Front 73

Positive psychology

Back 73

Research movement that emphasizes making people feel positively, to cope with life circumstances.

Front 74

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Back 74

Psychologist who researched "flow." When one is immersed in something, he forgets about hunger, thirst, etc. Flow is reached when the amount of challenge is met with ability.

Front 75

Character strengths

Back 75

Personal characteristics that lead to happiness without harming anyone else. Thought of by Seligman and Peterson.

Front 76

Social-Cognitive approach

Back 76

Mixes aspects of psychodynamic and humanistic approaches, but adds key factor: how person's beliefs impact responses to the world around them. Learning shapes personality rather than genetics.

Front 77

John Watson and Albert Bandura

Back 77

Behavioralists who came up with outcome expectations and self-efficacy.

Front 78

Outcome expectations

Back 78

Based on past experience, what we expect to result from an experience.

Front 79

Self-efficacy

Back 79

How much we believe in our ability to accomplish something. Mixed with outcome expectations, behavioralists argue that this shows that personality is due to past experiences rather than biology.

Front 80

Personal constructs

Back 80

How a person organizes what happens in the world around him (ex: scientist will describe things as theories). George Kelly's idea.

Front 81

Walter Mischel

Back 81

Came up with cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS), the way to understand differences between how people see and interact with the world around them. Also studied delay of gratification and how it correlates to scores later on.

Front 82

Carol Dweck

Back 82

Psychologist who believes in entity view, that people believe that their abilities are relatively fixed. The counter-argument is incremental view.

Front 83

Control

Back 83

Key element of social-cognitive approach. People desire control over circumstances of their lives. See also Attributional style and Self-control.

Front 84

Attributional style

Back 84

Key element of social-cognitive approach. Attributing success to self and failure to external factors. Self-handicapping is involved in order to attribute failure to something.

Front 85

Self-control

Back 85

Pursuing a goal while managing internal conflicts about it (ex: not eating a piece of cake in order to get a reward).