Psych Chapter 15

Front 1

Morality definition

Back 1

Set of principles and ideals that helps an individual distinguish right from wrong

- individual acts on this distinction
- feels pride in good conduct
- feels guilt due to bad conduct

Front 2

What is Morality

Back 2

- internalization of moral principles
- moral affect
- moral reasoning
- moral behaviour

Front 3

Mutually responsive relationship -> committed compliance

Back 3

child wants a parents approval and complies with parents ideals regardless of whether or not they are around

Front 4

Piaget: cognitive components of moral development (3 stages)

Back 4

1. Premoral period *no morals
2. Heteronomous morality
- rules, immanent justice, expiatory punishment
- follow the rules to a T; kids menu they will say they're too old because that's the rule
3. Autonomous morality
- rules as arbitrary agreements

Front 5

Piaget critique

Back 5

- can be replicated
- underestimates young children
- moral rules vs social-conventional rules
- ideas about legitimate authority

Front 6

Kohlberg's theory (3 levels)

Back 6

1. preconventional morality
- morality based on consequences
2. Conventional morality
- desire to gain others' approval "good boy"
3. Postconventional morality
- principles of justice

Front 7

Support of Kohlberg's theory

Back 7

- stages are universal
- longitudinal evidence
- cognitive prerequisites
- social-experience hypothesis (the social experiences that may influence moral development)
: parental influences
peer influences
education
culture

Front 8

Social Learning Theory and Moral Behaviour

Back 8

SLT emphasize the behavioural component; does moral conduct = moral character?
- resisting temptation
- social modelling
- discipline

Front 9

morality and discipline (parental techniques) 3 things they can do

Back 9

Love withdrawal: not favourably evaluated by children
Power assertion: 2nd preferred technique
Induction: preferred by children (how did what you did make ME feel or make someone else feel)

Front 10

altruism define

Back 10

altruism: concern for welfare of others; willingness to act on concern

Front 11

empathy and altruism

Back 11

- sympathetic empathetic arousal: mediator of altruism; parental influence through modelling and discipline
- link strongest for older children
- "felt responsibility" hypothesis: (older children will more likely sense the responsibility when helping someone in distress meaning they're more likely to do it)

Front 12

cultural and social influences on altruism

Back 12

Cultural:
-individualist vs collectivist societies
-level of industrialization
Social:
-norm of responsibility
-reinforcing, practicing, and preaching altrusim

Front 13

aggression define

Back 13

behaviour with the intent to harm

Front 14

bullying

Back 14

- boys more likely to bully and be bullied
- boys physical; girls verbal
- most in early adolescence
- bullies smoke, drink and poor
- socialize w aggressive peers

Front 15

victims (2 types)

Back 15

passive: socially withdrawn, physically weak, do not provoke
provocative: oppositional, restless, display hostile attribution bias, may be abused at home

Front 16

controlling aggression

Back 16

Create nonaggressive play environments
Stop reinforcing aggressive behaviour
Incompatible-response technique
Time-out technique
Social-cognitive coaching interventions

Front 17

altruistic development

Back 17

- coercive tactics DECREASE compassion
- affective explanations INCREASE compassion

- early prosocial behaviour (sharing toys) rarely self-sacrifice and share a treasured toy though
- Altruistic behaviour increases in school years
- social cognitive and affective contributors: role-taking, prosocial moral reasoning, empathetic reactions to distress

Front 18

types of aggression

Back 18

Reactive: goal to harm
Proactive: harm is means to an end (access to objects, space, priviledges)

Front 19

development of aggression

Back 19

Infants: beginnings of proactive aggression
Preschoolers: verbal>physical (usually proactive)
Childhood: condone retaliatory aggression, slight increase in reactive aggression

Front 20

sex differences and aggression

Back 20

- boys more physically & verbally aggressive than girls
- parenting, toys/themes of play,

relational aggression increases in girls during adolescence
antisocial conduct increases in boys during adolescence

Front 21

proactive vs reactive aggressors

Back 21

Pro: aggression solves problems, and will pay off
Re: hostile, suspicious of others, they deserve it