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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A group of people report that they think the two sexes (genders) are equally "good." In an implicit association test (IAT), they must categorize words as either good or bad, or male or female. The male or female words are male or female names. The people take longer to respond to the female names when they are paired with the "good" key than when paired with the "bad" key, and the opposite is true for male names. These results suggest that |
unconscious assumptions and associations regarding gender conflict with conscious beliefs |
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Which of the following factors would increase the likelihood that someone would conform? |
- a desire to avoid being embarrassed - a feeling that you are less experienced than others in the group - all others in the group taking the same position |
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In the experiment, a young women ostensibly conducting a survey solicited young men to answer her questionnaire, either while they were crossing a wobbly suspension bridge or after they had crossed. She invited them to call her later if they were interested in the results and then tallied how many in fact called as a function of where they were when they answered the questionnaire. What were her findings? |
-More young men questioned while crossing the bridge called than those who were questioned afterward. -The findings strongly suggested that arousal generated by danger can be misinterpreted as heightened romantic arousal |
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Which completion of the following statement is false? Implicit theories of personality are
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thought to be malleable by inidividualistic cultures and stable by collectivistic ones |
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The terms final solution, ethnic cleansing, and body count are examples of the use of euphemisms to
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dehumanize victims. |
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A pattern in which individuals working in a group, all doing the same thing, generate less total effort than they would if each worked alone is a phenomenon known as |
social loafing |
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A change in behavior due to being asked to do so is referred to as |
compliance |
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In the quiz master study described in the text, _____ the predictions of the fundamental attribution error, research participants who were randomly chosen to ask tough questions were viewed as _____ those who were randomly chosen to answer the questions |
consistent with; more knowledgeable than |
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Sometimes, in making group decisions, the decision errs, for example, on the side of being too conservative and more conservative than the views of the individuals in the group. This can be explained by: |
as one form of group polarization. |
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By comparison with other cultures, romantic love in Western culture |
is emphasized over companionate love. |
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Deindividuation |
refers to a state in which a person loses her sense of self as an individual |
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A car salesperson states her price. The potential buyer says no. Now the salesperson makes a concession by offering the car at a lower price. This exerts pressure on the buyer to increase his offer, because since the salesperson has offered a concession he feels he ought to give a little too. While he is considering this, the salesperson in an offhand manner adds that she will throw into the deal a geo-location feature. What’s going on here? |
- The salesperson is hoping that by making off-the-cuff what is a small concession, the buyer will feel obligated to accept the salesperson’s last bargaining offer - The sales person is employing a that’s-not-all-technique. |
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Normative influence refers to our desire to be |
liked |
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The Romeo-and-Juliet effect refers to the fact that |
parental disapproval tends to intensify a couple’s romantic passion |
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Stereotypes |
- create self-fulfilling prophecies - are sustained by the tendency of people to pay attention to, and more readily accept, information that confirms their views - are schemas about the characteristics of whole groups |
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The Kitty Genovese case illustrated |
-diffusion of responsibility - pluralistic ignorance |
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Romantic love has been described as having three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. In comparison, companionate love would differ most from romantic love in that it would have less |
passion |
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Which of the following could explain the out-group homogeneity effect? |
- We generally have much information about our group (the in-group) - We generally have less exposure to other groups - Unfamiliarity favors perceptions of similarity over dissimilarity |
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Diffusion of responsibility is |
less if there are fewer observers |
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Which of the following would tend to prevent obedience in a situation of the type that Milgram studied? |
decreasing the psychological distance between the participant and the person being punished |
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What is not an outcome of Zimbardo’s prison experiment? |
It proves that the Milgram study is correct. |
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According to cognitive dissonance theory, the best way to cause people to change attitudes is to |
show them that their current attitude is inconsistent with their actual behavior. |
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Collectivistic cultures |
- do not typically show the fundamental attribution error - view personality as malleable - tend to make specific statements about other people’s personality |
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Individualism is to collectivism as |
independence is to interdependence |
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What below defines a prejudice or constitute the three so-called ABC components of which it is composed? |
- a behaviorial tendency to discriminate against other groups - cognitive schema (the stereotype itself) - an affective (emotional) inclination to view a group other than their own as "bad" - a negative attitude toward another person based on his group membership |
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Implicit theories of personality are |
- schemas about the social world - informal theories bringing together a cluster of beliefs about someone and linking traits to others but also linking these traits to specific behaviors bc they have taught us to expect these behaviors - blends of our social observations and the inferences we have made about what a person is really like and how he will behave in the future |
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The central route to persuasion is a mode of argument taken: |
- in which the focus of presentation relies primarily on the credibility of the source and context of the message - that assumes that the issues involved are very important to the recipient, who will likely elaborate on its arguments with considerations of her own - in which the focus of presentation is on making a case for the credibility and transworthiness of the message’s content |
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An attitude is |
- a belief (a set of mental views and assumptions) about some idea, object, or person. - more than a simple belief’s "cold" set of dispassionate mental views and assumptions—rather it is "hot" in having emotional feelings and predispositions associated with it so as to be a relatively stable assertion - formed through mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning and observational learning |
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Collectivistic cultures tend to emphasize the preferences of |
- cultural norms - traditions of families |
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The bystander effect is accounted for |
diffusion of responsibility |
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An investigator has reported that most individuals in extremist groups are, in private, less extreme in their views than their group. This disparity could be accounted for by: |
- groupthink - group polarization |
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Proximity is an important factor in attraction. There is evidence that this relation results from the fact that |
-we must ordinarily meet someone in order to be attracted to him. - familiarity promotes attraction, and familiarity is increased by proximity |
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In Asch’s experiment on the effect of social pressure on the judments of noticeably different line lengths, he found that |
less than one in four of the participants would be fully independent and would "stick to his guns" on all trials on which the group disagreed with him |
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Bem’s self-perception theory differs from cognitive dissonance theory in that it |
- does not see emotional distress as accompanying dissonance - claims that individuals are trying to make sense of their behaviors in situations of dissonance |
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What is the halo effect |
the tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area. |
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From a study by Muzafer Sherif et al. (the results of which were later confirmed by other studies) on how to heal a hostile competitive split between the Eagles and the Rattlers, two teams in a boys camp in Oklahoma, it was found that intergroup contact can have a powerful effect about attitudes toward another group if |
- it involves active cooperation in pursuit of a shared goal - it provides equal status for all participants |
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In the trials of the soldiers involved in the Abu Ghraib atrocities which of the evidences considered were susceptible to the fundamental attribution error? |
whether or not the soldiers were simply "bad apples" with the freedom to make correct moral choices had they wanted to or were instead psychiatrically "insane" |
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Obedience |
- is necessary to a certain extent in social life - has been implicated in some of the worst atrocities of the past - has been linked to an individual character traits |
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It is probably easier for a bombardier to drop bombs on an object, even though it is an inhabited building, than for the same person to kill someone standing in front of him. This presumed fact can be accounted for in terms of |
- anonymity - psychological distance - dehumanization |
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Tucker is defending a client wrongly accused of theft and is deciding whether the jury should see a tape showing the client confessing under extreme duress. Tucker’s knowledge of the fundamental attribution error leads him to the conclusion that the jury would probably |
deplore the police brutality involved but still tend to believe that the confession was truthful |
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In Muzafer Sherif’s study on the autokinetic effect, judgments made |
- when the participants were alone differed greatly from one subject to the next - when the participants were alone differed greatly from one trial to the next - in a group of participants tended to converge. |
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The process of validating our reactions by checking on others’ behaviors is known as |
social referencing |
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Like schemas in any other domain, implicit theories of personality: |
- provide enormously helpful shortcuts to interpretations - free us from scrutinizing every aspect of a situation - allow us to rely on past experience - provide us with a broad summary of people and situations. |
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The term attribution refers to our tendency to |
interpret behavior |
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In Asch’s experiment on the effect of social pressure on judgments of noticeably different line lengths the presence of an ally who gave an answer deviant from the group led the subjects to |
- conform to the majority less often if the ally’s response was closer to the actual length of the line - conform to the majority less often if the ally’s response was even further than the majority’s response from the actual length of the line - be able to speak up without fear of embarrassment |
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In 2004 during the Iraq War, photographs taken at the Abu Ghraib prison emerged showing that U.S. soldiers and personnel routinely tortured, humiliated, and sexually abused dozens of Iraqi inmates—most of whom were not guilty of any crime. Central to the revulsion this aroused was the question of why the perpetrators did what they did. Social psychologists call the process of answering this question _____. |
cognitive attribution |
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The fundamental attribution error is |
taking a behavior as a sign of internal dispositions and downplaying obvious or potential situation determinants |
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Stereotype threat refers to |
expectations about a group influencing the performance of members of that group |
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The slippery slope refers to |
-the pattern of successively larger steps taken by participants in Milgram’s study - programs of progressive escalation used by the Nazis - basic training strategies used by the military |
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Zimbardo’s prison experiment used a variety of methods to create |
deindividuation |
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Studies of the authoritarian personity trait system find that it has closely associated with it all but which of the following: |
a motivated social cognitive perspective for dealing with threat and uncertainty that commits itself to a political liberalism |
