Psych Chapter 11(1): Personality

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Sigmund Freud believed that the structure of an individual's personality is most influenced by the first _______ of life

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six years

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Three Levels of Consciousness

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1. id
2. ego
3. superego

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id

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most primitive part, exists at birth, operates on the pleasure principle: wants immediate satisfaction of drives for pleasure)

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ego

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begins to emerge during 1st year of life; protects the person and copes with the real world; operates on the reality principle: tries to find safe, realistic ways to meet the id's needs

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superego

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begins to develop around 2-3 years of age; opposes desires of id by enforcing moral restrictions and striving to attain a goal of perfection; equivalent to what we call "conscience"

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Defense Mechanisms

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unconscious (or preconscious) ways to combat anxiety through the distortion of reality

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Repression

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actively forgetting painful memories

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Regression

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retreat to behavior of an earlier stage of development

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Projection

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unknowingly projection one's own unacceptable thoughts or motives to another

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Displacement

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venting one's feelings on an innocent person/object rather than the one involved

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Undoing

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trying to make up for something done or thought that was unacceptable

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Libido

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basic, instinctual energy that has a strong sexual component

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Psychosexual Stages of Development

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Freud believed Libido became concentrated on different parts of the body at different age levels

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Oral Stage

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occurs during 1st year of life, emphasis on feeding

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Anal Stage

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2nd year, emphasis on elimination

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Phallic Stage

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3-6 years, most controversial stage, sexual feelings for opposite-sex parent, called Oedipus complex for boys and Electra complex for girls

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Latency Stage

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6-11 years, sexual feelings are repressed, emphasis on social/intellectual development functioning

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Genital Stage

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begins around 11 or 12 years, emphasis on identification with one's own sex and capacity for heterosexual love and commitment

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Fixation

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Later in life the person would be predisposed to reduce tension by regressing to behavior of that earlier stage (ex. fixation in oral stage--drink, smoke, overeat, chew fingernails)

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Psychoanalysis

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seeks to reveal and interpret contents of unconscious mind. Freud used free association and dream interpretation

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Psychodynamic Therapy

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seeks to understand themes in relationships and unconscious motives. It is more direct with a shorter duration than psychoanalysis

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Freud's Contributions to Psychology

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stressed importance of childhood to later development, gave us concepts of defense mechanisms, and influenced other psychologists who developed their own theories

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Neo-Freudians

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Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Alfred Adler

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Carl Jung

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proposed the idea of a collective unconscious inherited from humanity's ancestors (contains archetypes--universal themes and images common to all) and a personal unconscious; proposed 2 personality orientations: introvert and extrovert

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Introvert

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quiet, reserved, energizes from time spent alone

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Extrovert

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Outgoing, energizes from time spent with other people

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Karen Horney

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Proposed basic needs that people deal with by moving toward, against, or away from others; 10 neurotic needs--normal desires taken to extremes

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Alfred Adler

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founded the school of individual psychology; believed that the inability to overcome a childhood sense of incompleteness results in an inferiority complex

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Social Cognitive Learning Theory

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Observation and modeling; Albert Bandura; reciprocal determinism--process in which cognitions, behavior, and the environment mutually influence each other

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Humanistic Psychology

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Positive qualities and need for personal growth and fulfillment

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Maslow and Rogers

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positive psychology is similar, but it tries to give a scientific foundation for its theories

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Carl Roger's Client-Centered Therapy

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uses reflective listening--therapist should have genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard

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Projective Assessment Techniques

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All projective techniques are based on the Projective Hypothesis, which states that if one presents a neutral, unstructured, ambiguous stimulus to an individual, that person will project part of his/her personality into the response

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Rorschach Inkblot Technique

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contains 10 cards with ink blots on them

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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contains ambiguous pictures and the person is asked to tell a story about each picture; the story should include what is happening, what led up to the event, how the characters are feeling, and the outcome; the examiner looks for recurring things in the responses to the Rorschach and TAT, as well as who the person is identifying (hero/heroine), mood, interpersonal relations, and feelings about the future

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Shortcomings of projective tests

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interpreter bias and problems with validity and reliability

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Objective Assessment Techniques

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MMPI-2 and MBTI

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

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not a projective technique; it is considered to be valid and reliable; it can assist in developing a clinical diagnosis and personality description; it can be used to predict prison adjustment, alcoholism, and acute depression; it is very useful in predicting suitable candidates for psychotherapy

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

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is based on Jung's theory of personality