Psych Ch. 9

Front 1

grammar

Back 1

rule on how symbols can be combined

Front 2

syntax

Back 2

rules on the order of words

Front 3

generativity

Back 3

unlimited amount of combinations of words

Front 4

surface structure

Back 4

symbols that are used and their order

Front 5

deep structure

Back 5

underlying meaning of combined symbols`

Front 6

phoneme

Back 6

smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference of meaning

Front 7

morphemes

Back 7

smallest unit of meaning in a language

Front 8

language

Back 8

a system of symbols and rules for combining these symbols in ways that can generate an infinite number of meanings and messages

Front 9

psycholinguistics

Back 9

the scientific study of the psychological aspects of language

Front 10

displacement

Back 10

the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present

Front 11

bottom-up processing

Back 11

individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception

Front 12

top-down processing

Back 12

sensory information is processed in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas and expectations

Front 13

speech segmentation

Back 13

perceiving where each word within a given sentence begins and ends

Front 14

pragmatics

Back 14

a knowledge of the practical aspects of using language

Front 15

aphasia

Back 15

an impairment in speech comprehension and/or production which can be permanent or temporary

Front 16

language acquisition device (LAD)

Back 16

an innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatical rules common to all languages (children set switchboard as they hear new words)

Front 17

language acquisition support system (LASS)

Back 17

factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of language

Front 18

linguistics relativity hypothesis

Back 18

language not only influences but determines what we are capable of thinking (Whorf)

Front 19

propositional thought

Back 19

form of verbal sentences that we say or hear in our minds, and expresses a proposition (I'm hungry)

Front 20

imaginal thought

Back 20

consists of images that we see, hear or feel in our minds

Front 21

motoric thought

Back 21

mental representations of motor movements

Front 22

propositions

Back 22

statements that express ideas

Front 23

concepts

Back 23

basic units of semantic memory

Front 24

prototypes

Back 24

most typical or familiar members of a category or class

Front 25

deductive reasoning

Back 25

we reason from the top down, from general principles to conclusions about a specific case (upside down triangle)

Front 26

inductive reasoning

Back 26

bottom up, starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general reasoning

Front 27

belief bias

Back 27

tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of personal beliefs

Front 28

framing

Back 28

same idea, problem or option can be structured and presented in different ways (treatment having 50% success VS 50% fail rate)

Front 29

mental set

Back 29

a tendency to stick to solutions which have worked in the past

Front 30

problem-solving schemas

Back 30

mental blueprints or step by step scripts

Front 31

algorithms

Back 31

formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions

Front 32

heuristics

Back 32

general problem solving strategies that we can apply to certain classes or situations

Front 33

means-end analysis

Back 33

we identify the differences between the present situation and the desired state, and then make changes to reduce differences (form of heuristic)

Front 34

subgoal analysis

Back 34

intermediate steps toward a solution (form of heuristic)

Front 35

representativeness heuristic

Back 35

infer how closely someone or something fits our prototype, and therefore how much it is like the class

Front 36

metacognition

Back 36

awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities

Front 37

mental image

Back 37

a representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory output

Front 38

wisdom

Back 38

system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life

Front 39

mental representations

Back 39

images, ideas concepts and principles

Front 40

language

Back 40

a system of symbols and rules for combining these symbols that create infinite possible messages and meanings

Front 41

confirmation bias

Back 41

tending to look for evidence that will confirm what you believe, rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm

Front 42

overconfidence

Back 42

tendency to overestimate one's correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs and decisions. another reason why people do not challenge their beliefs

Front 43

schema

Back 43

a mental framework, an organized patter of thought about some aspect of the world (concepts and categories, heuristics and algorithms)

Front 44

script

Back 44

a mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfold

Front 45

The structure of the brain has not evolved much in the past....however.....

Back 45

50000 years, but cognitive and linguistic abilities have

Front 46

as the environment became more complex, which survival issues emerged?

Back 46

divisions of labour, social customs, pass on wisdom, communicate thoughts

Front 47

conscious thought takes the for of...

Back 47

self-talk/inner speech

Front 48

Broca's area is responsible for...

Back 48

word production and articulation

Front 49

Broca's area is located...

Back 49

in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere (lower right brain scan)

Front 50

why do people talk with their hands?

Back 50

Broca's area is near the centre of hand motor-control function

Front 51

Wernicke's area is responsible for...

Back 51

speech comprehension

Front 52

Wernicke's area is located...

Back 52

in the rear portion of the temporal lobe (upper left brain scan)

Front 53

Gender differences in language abilities

Back 53

Men: mostly left hemisphere

Women: left shared with right hemisphere

(inconsistencies do occur)

Front 54

Grammar VS truth

Back 54

I have two foots YES

I have four feet NO

Front 55

telegraphic speech

Back 55

want cookie

Front 56

critical period for acquiring language

Back 56

infancy through puberty

Front 57

second language critical period

Back 57

vocab can be learned at any age, but mastery of syntax and grammar depends on early acquisition

Front 58

bilingual benefits

Back 58

reading, ignoring irrelevant stimuli

Front 59

age of acquisition VS years of exposure

Back 59

play a partnered role in acquiring a second language

Front 60

reasoning is based on...

Back 60

our internal representations of the world and our knowledge about our world

Front 61

brain change with expertise

Back 61

when people develop expertise, their brain functioning changes in ways that increase processing efficiency

Front 62

visual neglect

Back 62

patients who have damage to one hemisphere (usually right) and fail to see things on the other side