Psych Ch. 8

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

The process by which sensory information I converted into a form that can be converted into the brains memory system

Front 3

Storage

Back 3

The process of maintaining information in the memory.

Front 4

Retrieval

Back 4

The active process of locating and using stored information

Front 5

Sensory Memory

Back 5

memory in which physical features of a stimulus are stored for very brief durations

Front 6

Short-Term Memory

Back 6

an immediate memory for stimuli which have been perceived. It is limited in terms of both capacity (7 + 2 chinks of information) and duration. (less than 20 seconds)

Front 7

Long Term Memory

Back 7

Memory in which information is represented on a permanent or near-permanent bias

Front 8

Iconic memory

Back 8

A form of sensory memory that holds a brief visual image of a scene that has just been perceived; also known as visual persistence.

Front 9

Echoic memory

Back 9

A form of sensory memory for sounds that have been perceived.

Front 10

Working memory

Back 10

memory for new information and information retrieved from long term

Front 11

Primacy effect

Back 11

The tendency to remember initial information. In the memorization in the a list of words, the primacy effect is evidenced by better recall of words early in the list.

Front 12

Recency effect

Back 12

The tendency to recall later information. In the memorization in a list of words, recency effect is evidence by remembering the last in a group of words.

Front 13

Chunking

Back 13

A process by which information is simplified by rules, which make it easily remembered once the rules are learned. For example. The string of letters NBCCBSNCR is easier to remember if a person learns the rule that organizes them into smaller “chunks”: NBC, CBS, and NPR

Front 14

Phonological short-term memory

Back 14

- Short term memory for verbal information

Front 15

Subvocal articulation

Back 15

an unvoiced speech utterance

Front 16

Conduction aphasia

Back 16

The inability to understand words that are heard, although they usually can be understood and responded to appropriately. Disability caused by damage to Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Front 17

Consolidation

Back 17

The process by which information in short term memory is transferred to long term memory, presumably because of physical changes that occur in neurons in the brain

Front 18

Retrograde amnesia

Back 18

- Loss of ability to retrieve memory of the past, specifically memories of episodic or autobiographical events.

Front 19

Maintenance rehearsal

Back 19

Rote repetition of information; repeating a givin item over and over again

Front 20

Elaborative rehearsal

Back 20

processing information on a meaningful level, such as forming associations, attending to the meaning of material, thinking about it, and so on

Front 21

Shallow processing

Back 21

analysis of superficial characteristics of a stimulus, such as size or shape

Front 22

Deep processing

Back 22

Analysis of the complex characteristics of a stimulus, such as its meaning or its relationship to other stimuli

Front 23

Effortful processing

Back 23

Practicing or rehearsing information through either shallow or deep processing

Front 24

Automatic processing

Back 24

Forming memories of events and experiences with little or no attention or effort

Front 25

Encoding specificity

Back 25

The principle that how we encode information determines our ability to retrieve it later.

Front 26

Mnemonic systems

Back 26

A special technique or strategy consciously employed in an attempt to improve memory

Front 27

Method of loci

Back 27

A mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are mentally associated with physical locations or landmarks

Front 28

Peg-word method

Back 28

a mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are associated with a set of mental peg which are already in the memory, such as key words of a rhyme.

Front 29

Narrative

Back 29

A mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are linked together with a story

Front 30

Episodic memory

Back 30

memory that can be described verbally and of which a person is therefore aware.

Front 31

Implicit memory

Back 31

Memory that cannot be described verbally and of which a person is not aware

Front 32

Anterograde amnesia

Back 32

A disorder caused by brain damage that disrupts a person’s ability to form long-term memories of events that occur after the time of brain damage

Front 33

Dead reckoning

Back 33

Navigation by means of internal stimuli that are used to estimate position

Front 34

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Back 34

An occasional problem with retrieval of information that we are sure we know but we can not immediately remember

Front 35

Retrieval cues

Back 35

Contextual variables, including physical objects, or verbal stimuli, that improve the ability to recall information from memory

Front 36

Schema

Back 36

the mental framework or body of knowledge that organizes and synthesizes information about a person, place, or thing

Front 37

Flashbulb memories

Back 37

memories established by events that are highly surprising and personally of consequence

Front 38

Retroactive inference

Back 38

in recall that occurs when recently learned information disrupts our ability to remember older information

Front 39

Proactive interference

Back 39

Interference in recall that occurs when previously learned information disrupts our ability to remember new information.