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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Decay Theory
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holds that forgetting results from the gradual deterioration of memory traces in the brain
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interference theory
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the belief that forgetting results from the interference of memories with each other
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retroactive interference
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newly aquired info interferes w/ retention of material learned earlier
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proactive interference
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material learned earlier interferes w/ retention of newly aquired info
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retrieval theory
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holds that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories
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Freudian belief
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repression, or motivated forgetting, happens when ppl banish emotionally troubling events, impulses, and wishes from conscious awareness
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recognition tasks (such as multiple-choice questions) generally produce better memory retrieval than recall tests (free recall, serial recall, or paired-associates recall) b/c they provide more retrieval cues that help jog specific memories
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How is recall related to the methods used to measure it?
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Amnesia (memory loss)
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may be caused by psychological factors or by physical factors such as degenerative brain disesases and brain trauma.
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-retrograde: loss of memory of past events
-anterograde: inability to form and store new memories |
what are the 2 general types of amnesia?
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traces
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according to the decay theory of memory, memory ______ in the brain fade or disappear over time
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proactive interference
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the type of interference that accounts for why you may forget to advance the year when writing new checks early in a new year is called _______
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retrieval
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the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon may result from a lack of _____ cues
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retrograde
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_____ amnesia is memory loss for past life events
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follow the principle of "massed practice" when studying or memorizing
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which of the following is not a helpful way to reduce the effects of interference on memory?
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memories are stored within neuronal networks, the circuitry of nerve cells in the brain
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where are memories stored in the brain?
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it plays a key role in the formation and temporary storage of declarative memory, such as memory of events and daily experiences
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what is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
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LTP (long-term potentiation)
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the biochemical process by which repeated stimulation strengthens the synaptic connections between nerve cells
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scientists suspect that the conversion of short-term memory into long-term memory may depend on the LTP process
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what role do scientists believe LTP plays in memory formation?
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scientists have identified genes that appear to play important roles in biochemical processes needed for long-term memory
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what have scientists learned about the genetic basis of memory?
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engram
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Lashley's search for the elusive _____ led him to recognize that memories are not localized in one part of the brain
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neuronal networks
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researchers tody believe that memories are stored in constellations of brain cells known as ______
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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the strengthening or senaptic connections that may underlie the conversion of short-term memory into long-term memory is called_______
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they regulate the production of certain proteins that are critical to long-term memory
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researchers are finding genetic influences in memory. how do genes influence memory functioning?
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cognitive psychology
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the study of thinking and other mental processes, including problem solving, language use, and information processing
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thinking
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the creation of mental representations of the external world and the manipulation of these representations
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-logical concepts: have clearly defined rules for membership
-natural concepts: the rules for determining how they are applied are poorly defined. (ppl apply natural concepts probabilistically by judging whether something is likely to belong to a certain catergory) |
what are the major types of concepts people use?
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in hierarchies composed of broad to narrow categories
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how are concepts organized?
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superordinate, basic-level, and subordinate concepts
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what are the 3 levels of concepts that one commonly used hierarchy has?
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rather than relying on trial and error or a sudden insight, we can use such problem-solving strategies as algorithms, heuristics, analogies and incubation periods
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what can we do to solve problems more efficiently?
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