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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social perception
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study of how we form impressions of others, how we make inferences about them
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Nonverbal communication
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can be intentional, unintentional
facial expressions, tone, gaze, touch mirror neurons (respond when we perform + see action, source of empathy?) more “honest” than words |
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Encoding/decoding
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...encode facial expressions in some way and decode with equal accuracy
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purpose of facial expression
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evolutionary purpose, survival value in communicating emotion
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Universal expressions of emotion
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Fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, sadness
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Affect blend
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two blended facial expressions, the reason why decoding is sometimes inaccurate
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Implicit personality theory
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How people determine what personality traits go together
(kind = generous) Influenced by LANGUAGE of culture |
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Multichannel nonverbal communication
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process of which nonverbal cues to pay attention to in real life (since there are so many)
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Attribution theory
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how we infer the causes of others' behavior, the "why" - Why do people do that?
(Fritz heider) |
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Internal attribution (dispostional)
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Person’s behavior caused by something about that person
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External attribution (situational)
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person’s behavior caused by situation (others would respond same)
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Correspondent Inference Theory
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1) Is behavior freely chosen?
2) Is behavior inconsistent with your social role? 3) Is behavior socially undersirable |
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Covariation model (most controlled)
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1) Consensus info: how others behave to same stimulus
2) Distinctiveness Info: how actor responds to other stimuli (only this one case?) 3) Consistency: frequency that exchange occurs (how often) Y/Y/Y = situational N/N/Y = dispositional |
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Correspondence bias/fundamental attribution error
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tendency to infer OTHER’S behavior is caused by personality, not situation
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Castro essay example
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even when told writer had no choice, inferred it was due to writer’s beliefs.
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Perpetual salience
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When we act, we notice situation, when others act, we notice person (don’t know their context/situation) - what we notice is seemingly more important
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Two step process of attribution
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(1) Make internal attributions (snap judgements)
(2) Think of situational reasons |
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Culture and 2step process of attribution
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Eastern cultures make it to second step MORE, look at whole picture
Western cultures analyze more on objects properties, not context |
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Actor Observer Bias
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Own behavior: situation is cause
Others: Disposition is cause |
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Self Serving Bias
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When self esteem is threatened, we give credit for our successes and blame others/situation for failu
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Reasons for using self serving bias
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(1) most want to maintain self esteem
(2) want others to think well of us (3) kind of info available is limiting |
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Defensive attributions
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Explanations to avoid vulnerability/mortality
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Belief in a just world
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Type of defensive attribution,
bad things happen to bad people |
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Marriage/Relationship attributions
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Partner does something GOOD:
Happy partners - internal attributions Unhappy partners - external attributions Partner does something BAD: Happy partners - external attributions Unhappy partners - internal attribution |
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Misattribution of arousal
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Example: bridge experiment, arousal effect thought to be caused by other experience
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Decete
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We are not good at detecting it!
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Facial expressions and detecting decete
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Words: bad
Body: Good Voice: Excellent Face Macroexpressions: bad Microexpressions: Great (except deceptive smiles) |
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Culture and nonverbal communication
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Display rules, Emblems, Implicit personality theory/language
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Risk aversion/risk seeking
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loss framing vs gain framing - this is a personality trait
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Loss framing
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risk seeking, more risky
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gain framing
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risk aversion, more conservative
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Recency effect
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last things in a list remembered better (memory tasks, memory limitations)
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Primacy effect
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remember first things better (impression tasks, attentional limitations - used in social judgement)
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Fluency
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Ease in processing information
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Fluent
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easy to process (ex: clear font)
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Disfluent
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hard to process (messy/fancy font)
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Top down processing
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Focus on abstract features, big to small processing
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Knowledge schema
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how people organize info about social world rld around themes/subjects, influences info people notice, think about, remember
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Dual thought pathways
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automatic vs controlled thinking, which to pick
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