Psych Ch 15 Psych Disorders

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Psychological disorder

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A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

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Diagnosis

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Label for a set of defined symptoms

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Psychopathology

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The study of psychological disorders

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Etiology

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The causes of a disorder

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Atypical

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Deviating from the norm

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Harmful dysfunction

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Where a natural internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform its normal function and leads to negative consequences

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

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Classification system for mental disorders used by most mental health professionals in the United States

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Comorbidity

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The co-occurrence of two disorders

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International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

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Widely recognized classification system for mental disorders published by the World Health Organization

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Which classification is more common for clinical diagnosis?

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ICD

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Which classification is favoured for research purposes?

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DSM

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Supernatural perspective of psychological disorders

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Attribution of mental illness to a force beyond our understanding

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Biological perspective of mental disorders

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Attribution of mental disorders to biological phenomena

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Diathesis-stress model

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Model that integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

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Anxiety disorders

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Group of disorders characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and related disturbances in behaviour

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Specific phobia

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Excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a specific object or situation

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Agoraphobia

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Intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape

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Social anxiety disorder (previously social phobia)

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Extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

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Safety behaviour

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Mental or physical acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

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Panic disorder

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Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behaviour related to the attacks

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Panic attack

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A period of extreme discomfort or fear that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes

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Locus coeruleus

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Region of brain located in brainstem, activation of which is associated with anxiety and fear. Major source of norepinephrine

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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Relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry often about about routine, everyday things

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Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

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A group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviour

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts and urges and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviour or mental acts

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Body dysmorphic disorder

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Disorder characterized by preoccupation with a perceived flaw in physical appearance that is either non-existent or barely noticeable to other people

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Hoarding disorder

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Disorder where a person cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are

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Orbitofrontal cortex

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An area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making believed to play a critical role in OCD

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What region of the brain may be associated with hoarding disorder?

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Anterior cingulate cortex

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What region of the brain may be associated with body dysmorphic disorder?

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Prefrontal cortex

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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A disorder that is a result of exposure to, witnessing, or experiencing the details of a traumatic experience

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What is the only disorder in the DSM in which a cause is specified?

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PTSD

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Flashback

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A state that can last from a few seconds to several days, during which the individual lives the event and behaves as if the event was occurring at that moment

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What factors increase the risk of PTSD?

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Female gender, low socioeconomic status, low intelligence, personal history of mental disorders, history of childhood adversity, family history of mental disorders; neuroticism, somatization

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Mood disorders

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Disorder characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions

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How many general categories of mood disorders are in the DSM-5?

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Two

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Depressive disorders

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Group of mood disorders in which depression is main feature

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Bipolar and related disorders

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Mood disorders characterized by mania

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Mania

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A state of extreme elation and agitation

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Major depressive disorder

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A mood disorder defined by depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, and loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities

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What are some risk factors associated with major depressive disorder

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Unemployment (including homemakers), earning less than $20000 a year, living in urban areas, being separated/divorced/widowed

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What are two common comorbidities to depression?

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Anxiety disorders and substance use disorders

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Seasonal pattern depression

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Subtype of depression where person only experiences symptoms during certain time of year

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Peripartum onset (or postpartum) depression

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A subtype of depression applying to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following birth

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Persistent depressive disorder (previously dysthymia)

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Subtype of depression where person experiences depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two other major disorder symptoms

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Bipolar disorder

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A disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

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Manic episode

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A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week

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Flight of ideas

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Rapidly switching from one topic to another

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Exit event

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Incident in which an important person departs (e.g., a death, divorce or separation, or a family member leaving home)

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Hopelessness theory

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The idea that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression

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Rumination

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The repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather than distracting oneself from or attempting to actively address them

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Schizophrenia

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A mental disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behaviour

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Hallucination

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A perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation

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Delusions

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Beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence

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Paranoid delusions

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False beliefs that other people or agencies are plotting to harm a person

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Grandiose delusions

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Beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important

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Thought withdrawal

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The belief that one’s thoughts are being removed

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Thought insertion

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Belief that thoughts have been placed inside one’s head

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Somatic delusion

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Belief that something highly abnormal is happening to a person’s body

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Disorganized thinking

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Disjointed and incoherent thought processes

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Tangentiality

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Responding to others’ statements or questions by remarks that are either barely related or unrelated to what was said or asked

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Disorganized (or abnormal) motor behaviour

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Unusual behaviours and movements

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Catatonic behaviours

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Behaviours involving decreased activity to the environment

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Posturing

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Maintaining a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time

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Catatonic stupor

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A complete lack of movement and verbal behaviour

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Negative symptoms

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Symptoms involving noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviours, emotions, or drives

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Diminished emotional expression

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Lack of emotion in facial expressions, speech, or movements

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Avolition

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A lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity, including the most basic of tasks such as hygiene and grooming

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Alogia

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Reduced speech output

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Asociality

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Social withdrawal and lack of interest in engaging in social interactions with others

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Anhedonia

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An inability to experience pleasure

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Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

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The theory that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia

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Ventricles

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The cavities in the brain that contain spinal fluid and are often enlarged in schizophrenia

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Prodromal symptoms

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Minor symptoms of psychosis that may appear in individuals at risk of schizophrenia prior to onset

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Dissociative disorders

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Disorders characterized by an individual becoming split, or dissociated from their core sense of self

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Dissociative amnesia

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Disorder that leads to person being unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic event

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Dissociative fugue

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Sudden episode where person may wander from home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity

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Depersonalization/derealization disorder

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Disorder characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

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Depersonalization

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Unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one’s whole self or from aspects of the self

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Derealization

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Unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, the world, be it individuals, inanimate objects, or all surroundings

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Dissociative identity disorder (previously multiple personality disorder)

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Disorder characterized by exhibition of two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from each other

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Neurodevelopmental disorders

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Disorders (present and often diagnosed during childhood) that involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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Disorder characterized by pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behaviour that interferes with normal functioning

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What region of the brain shows abnormalities in children with ADHD?

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Frontal lobes

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Autism spectrum disorder

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Disorder characterized mainly by an inability to form close emotional ties with others, speech and language abnormalities, repetitive behaviour, and an intolerance of minor changes in the environment and in normal routines

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Personality disorders

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Disorders characterized by personality styles that differ markedly from the expectations of their culture that are pervasive and inflexible and cause distress or impairment

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What two personality disorders are regarded by many as especially problematic?

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Antisocial and borderline personality disorder

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Borderline personality disorder

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Personality disorder characterized chiefly by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity

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What does the “borderline” in BPD refer to?

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The term was coined in the 1930s to describe patients who appeared anxious, but were prone to brief psychotic experiences (and thus between anxiety and psychosis)

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Antisocial personality disorder

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Personality disorder characterized by lack of regard for other people’s rights or feelings

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When do personality disorders start?

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Adolescence or early adulthood

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Personality

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One’s stable, consistent, and distinctive way of thinking about, feeling, acting, and relating to the world

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How many “clusters” are personality disorders organized into in the DSM-5?

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Three

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What personality disorders are a part of Cluster A?

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Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

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What personality disorders are a part of Cluster B?

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Antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline

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What personality disorders are a part of Cluster C?

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Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

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What personality style characterizes Cluster A personality disorders?

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Odd or eccentric personality style

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What personality style characterizes Cluster B personality disorders?

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Impulsive, overly dramatic, highly emotional, erratic

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What personality style characterizes Cluster C personality disorders?

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Nervous, fearful