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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aggression
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INTENTIONAL behavior aimed at causing physical/psychological harm to another person who does NOT want to be harmed
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Hostile aggression
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Stems from feelings of anger aimed at inflicting harm - Goal is to hurt
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Instrumental aggression
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Means to some goal other than causing pain
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Active aggression
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Respond hurtfully
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Passive aggression
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Fail to respond helpfully
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Physical vs verbal aggression
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Physically/verbally hurting someone
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Direct aggression
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victim is present
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Indirect aggression
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victim not present
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Relational aggression
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Harms another person through manipulation of relationships
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Freud's terms
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Eros: Instinct towards life
Ihanatos: Instinct towards death Sublimination: Society helps subliminate instincts/energy (art, etc) |
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Psychoanalytic appch to aggression
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Self destructive death instinct turned into others
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Lorenz Hydraulic theory
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Aggression serves a survival function
When aggression not released, it builds up until it explodes Catharsis - purging of emotions (doesn't work!) |
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Evolutionary appch to gender
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Males aggress due to
1) Establish dominance 2) Jealousy showing to ensure mates not with others |
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Agression
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doesn't need to be learned (rats, chimps, bonobos)
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Evolutionary appch to aggression
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aggression is a survival technique
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Frustration Aggression theory
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Frustration leads to aggression.
Closer goal/object = more frustration. Unexpected frustration = more aggression |
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Frustration
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Blocking of a goal directed behavior
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Culture/aggression
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vary widely (collectivist, etc)
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Regionalism/Culture of honor
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Southerners had more aggression in study
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Other factors which increase aggression
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Social changes/increase in competition/economy
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Amygdala
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part of brain associated with aggressive behaviors
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Seratonin
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inhibits impulsive aggression (chemical released in body)
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Testosterone
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male sex hormone
+ aggression = + testosterone |
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Gender/aggreassion
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Women less likely to behave aggressively in nonprovacative circumstances AND feel guilt more after aggression
Women express aggression more w/gossip, social aggression Domestic violence more common against women |
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Alcohol/aggression
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Alcohol disinhibits - miss subtlety in situations (don't know if someone did something on purpose, by accident, etc)
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Pain/aggression
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pain and heat increase aggression (fight in fight or flight)
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Provoked w/aggression
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aggression stems from need to RECIPROCATE after being provoked with aggressive behavior
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Aggressive stimulus
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Object associated with aggressive response whose presence can increase probability of aggression
Gun VS badminton racket study |
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Social learning theory
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We learn behavior (aggression) by observing/imitating others (BOBO doll study)
Endorsement (Bible) and imitation are thus a factor |
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Watching TV/video game violence
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Increases aggression in children and adults, results in:
1) Priming 2) numbing effect 3) Scripts: ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from culture 4) Exaggerated view of violence |
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WHY does tv violence influence people?
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1) If they can do it, so can I
2) Oh, so that's how you do it 3) People more in touch w/feelings of anger 4) Ho hum, another brutal beating (numbing) 5) I had better get him before he gets me |
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Violence/ads
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Violence distracts memory, can't remember product, violence doesn't sell
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Sexual scripts
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Violent pornography evokes aggression/aggressive fantasies
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Punishment to stop aggression
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Mild punishment best (due to dissonance)
Stops behavior temporarily, child tries to justify restraint |
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Punishment works IF
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Prompt and Certain!
Not possible usually in reality (law system) |
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Catharsis
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False notion that "blowing off steam" releases built up aggression - FALSE
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Catharsis effects
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1) Increased aggression, increased arousal (due to more legitimized, negative feelings)
2) More hostility due to dissonance |
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Ways to effectively reduce aggression
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1) Actively enable anger (Anger dssipation - count to 10, deep breaths, distracting activity)
2) Self awareness/self disclosure - distance self from event by writing in journal (Pennebaker study) 3) Apology - if sincere, perpertrator takes full responsibility 4) Modeling nonaggressive behavior 5) Training in communication/problem solving (tell other person they angered you nicely, after) 6) Empathy vs dehumanization put yourself in others' shoes, be aware of your own fallibility |
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Dehumanization effects
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Makes it easier to aggress
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Studying aggression (unique lab techniques/experiments)
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Electric shocks
Hot sauce Noise blast Comment box |
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DO NOT
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Long term behavioral change
Model prevented behavior |
