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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Personality |
Long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to think, feel, and behave in specific ways |
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Conscious mind |
The mental activity we are aware of and able to access |
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Unconscious mind |
The mental activity we are unaware of and unable to access |
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Id |
One of Freud’s systems of the mind which is unconscious and contains our most primitive drives or urges |
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Superego |
One of Freud’s systems of the mind that acts as our conscience |
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Ego |
One of Freud’s systems of the mind that he saw as the self, the rational part seen by others |
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Defense mechanism |
Unconscious protective behaviour that aims to reduce anxiety |
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Repression |
Defence mechanism where a thought is removed from conscious awareness |
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Reaction formation |
Defence mechanism where someone expresses feelings, thoughts, behaviours opposite to inclinations |
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Regression |
Defence mechanism where person acts younger than own age |
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Projection |
Defence mechanism where someone refuses to acknowledge own unconscious feelings and instead sees them in someone else |
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Rationalization |
Defence mechanism where person justifies behaviour by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable reasons |
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Displacement |
Defence mechanism where person transfers inappropriate urges or behaviour onto a more acceptable or less threatening target |
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Sublimation |
A defence mechanism where unacceptable desires are redirected through socially acceptable channels |
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Denial |
Defence mechanism involving refusal to accept real events |
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Psychosexual development theory |
Freud’s theory that children go through stages where the pleasure-seeking urges from the id are focused on a different area of the body |
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Oral stage |
First stage of psychosexual development where focus is on mouth |
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Anal stage |
Second stage of psychosexual development where attention is focused on anus |
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Phallic stage |
Third stage of psychosexual development that focuses on the genitals |
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Latency period |
Gap in psychosexual stages where sexual feelings are dormant due to focus on other pursuits |
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Genital |
Fourth and final psychosexual state of development where sexual urges resurface |
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Individual psychology |
School of psychology focusing on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority |
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Inferiority complex |
Refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure to to the standards of others or society |
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What three fundamental social tasks did Adler identify? |
Occupational tasks (careers), societal tasks (friendship), and love tasks (finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationship) |
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What does Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development emphasize? |
The social relationships important at each stage |
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Analytical psychology |
Branch of psychology focused on working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one’s personality |
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Collective unconscious |
Universal version of person unconscious holding mental patterns (or memory traces) common to all of us |
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Archetypes |
Ancestral memories held in the collective unconscious |
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Who was Karen Horney? |
The first woman trained as a Freudian psychologist |
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What is the behavioural perspective on personality? |
Reinforcement and consequences from the environment are for the behaviours that make up personality |
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Self-regulation |
The process of identifying a goal or set of goals and, in pursuing these goals, using both internal and external feedback to maximize goal attainment |
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Self-concept |
Our thoughts and feelings about ourselves |
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Ideal self |
The person you would like to be |
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Real self |
The person you actually are |
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Congruence |
When thoughts about the real self and ideal self are in alignment |
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Incongruence |
When there is great discrepancy between the ideal and actual self |
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Social-cognitive theory of personality |
The idea that thinking and reasoning are important components of personality, not just behaviour triggered by environment |
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Reciprocal determinism |
The idea that cognitive processes, behaviour, and situational factors all interact |
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Cognitive processes |
All characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics |
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Behaviour |
Anything we do that may be rewarded or punished |
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Context/situational factors |
The environment or situation in which a behaviour occurs, as well as rewarding/punishing stimuli |
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Self-efficacy |
Our level of confidence in our own abilities |
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Locus of control |
Our beliefs about the power we have over our lives |
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Internal locus of control |
Belief that one’s effort and decisions determine outcomes |
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External locus of control |
Belief that luck, fate, and other people determine outcomes |
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Heritability |
The proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics |
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What infant temperaments were identified by Thomas and Chess? |
Easy, difficult, slow to warm up |
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What two dimensions of temperament does research suggest are important parts of adult personality? |
Reactivity and self-regulation |
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Reactivity |
How we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli |
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Self-regulation |
Our ability to control reactions |
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Trait |
A characteristic way of behaving |
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What are the three types of personality traits according to Allport? |
Cardinal, central, secondary |
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Cardinal trait |
A trait that dominates entire personality |
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Central traits |
Traits that make up our personality |
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Secondary traits |
Traits that are not quite as obvious or consistent; include preferences and attitudes |
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Heritability |
The proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics |
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What infant temperaments were identified by Thomas and Chess? |
Easy, difficult, slow to warm up |
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What two dimensions of temperament does research suggest are important parts of adult personality? |
Reactivity and self-regulation |
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Reactivity |
How we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli |
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Self-regulation |
Our ability to control reactions |
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Trait |
A characteristic way of behaving |
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What are the three types of personality traits according to Allport? |
Cardinal, central, secondary |
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Cardinal trait |
A trait that dominates entire personality |
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Central traits |
Traits that make up our personality |
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Secondary traits |
Traits that are not quite as obvious or consistent; include preferences and attitudes |
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How many traits did Raymond Cattell narrow down Allport’s list to? |
171 |
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How many dimensions of personality did Cattell identify? |
16 |
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How many traits did Raymond Cattell narrow down Allport’s list to? |
171 |
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What is the indigenous approach to the study of personality? |
This approach uses assessment instruments that are based on the personality constructs of the culture that is being studied |
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What is the cross-cultural approach to the study of personality? |
This approach is a combined approach that bridges the other two major approaches as a way to understand both universal and cultural variations in personality |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
A personality inventory that creates a clinical profile composed of 10 scales that may be used in occupational screening |
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Projective testing |
Testing involving a series of ambiguous cards to which a participant can project their feelings to assess unconscious processes |
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Rorschach Inkblot Test |
Projective test developed in 1921 by a Swedish psychologist |
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Thematic Apperception Test |
A projective test utilizing storytelling to help lower resistance divulging unconscious personal details |
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Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank |
Projective test using incomplete sentences people are asked to complete |
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Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test |
Projective test modified to be culturally specific for African-American population |
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How many dimensions of personality did Cattell identify? |
16 |
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Temperament |
Inborn, genetically based personality differences |
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Five Factor Model |
Personality theory based on the Big Five personality factors |
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What system is the Eysenck’s two-dimensional personality theory similar to? |
The four Greek temperaments |
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What are the Big Five personality factors? |
Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
OCEAN |
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What are the traits of the HEXACO model? |
Honesty-humility, emotionality, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience |
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Culture |
All of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society |
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Selective migration |
The concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs |
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What is the cultural-comparative approach to the study of personality? |
It is an approach which seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity |
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