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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prosocial behavior
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Any act performed with goal of benefiting other person
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Altruism
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Desire to help another even if it involves a cost to the helper
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Kin selection
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Idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection (increases liklihood genes are passed on)
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Distal causes
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evolutionary pressures that allowed the behavior to evolve in population (evolutionary reasons for helping)
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Proximal causes
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Psychological processes that cause behavior (helping) in individuals
BOTH occur, so selfish genes not equal to selfish people |
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Norm of reciprocity
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Expectation that heping others will increase probability of them helping us
Help those that you expect will help you in future Biological markets |
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Learning social norms/evolutionary advantage
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Learn to avoid posionous foods, etc
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Group selection
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Natural selection operates on group level
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Social exchange theory
(Egoism) |
Much of what we do aims to max rewards, min costs (so helping is really in self interest)
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Empathy
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Ability to put yourself in anothers' shoes
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Empathy-altruism hypothesis
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When you feel empathy -> help for purely altruistic reasons
Seeing others in distress causes personal distress + empathic concern |
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Three explanations
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1) Evolutionary psychology
2) Social exchange theory 3) Empathy altruism hypothesis ALSO: Social selection |
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Social selection
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Having friends is helpful, being helpful attracts friends
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Altruistic personality
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Qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations
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Culture/altruism
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Everywhere, people are more likely to help in group, not outgroup
Collectivist: More likely to help in group (us vs them more defined) |
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Gender/altruism
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Men: heroism/danger
Women: Social support/volunteering Assigned by norms! |
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Religion/altruism
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More likely to help when it makes them look good
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Mood/altruism
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Good mood = + helping
WHY: 1) Make us look on bright side/good in others 2) Helping prolongs good mood 3) Good mood increases attention we pay to self Neg feelings: Guilt and sadness increase altruism |
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Negative state relief model
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Seeing someone in distress makes you in distress, helps you to relieve own distress
NOT altruism People will NOT help if they can reduce distress in other ways, egoism |
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Urban overload hypothesis
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People living in cities are constantly bombarded w/stimulation + keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed
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Other environmental factor
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Residential mobility
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# of bystanders/bystander effect
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More people = less likely one will help
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Latane/Darley 5 steps to helping (also applies to non-emergencies)
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1) Notice event
2) Interpret as emergency 3) Assume responsibility 4) Know how to help 5) Deciding whether to implement help (still weigh costs/benefits) |
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Notice event
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Being in a hurry = less helpful
Good Samaritan study |
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Interpret as emergency: Pluralistic ignorance
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Case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when they aren't
Think there is no emergency because no one looks concerned |
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Assume responsibility - Diffusion of responsibility
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Form of social loafing
Each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as # of witnesses increase |
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When one person starts to help...
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all others start to follow
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Communal vs exchange relationships
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More likely to have communal relationships with people you know (friends/family)
More likely to help in communal relationships EXCEPTION: When self esteem is important (struggling in class -> help stranger, not friend) |
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How to prevent lack of helping
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Know barriers to prosocial behavior
Positive psychology Empathy important |
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Positive psychology
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Focus on human strengths, aim to improve people's lives
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Cheaters/punishment
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Costly punishment at cost to oneself to prevent cheaters/free riders
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Social identity theory
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In-group favoritism in helping situations (paintings)
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Intergroup perspective taking
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taking perspective can help altruism, but can backfire if interacting with someone from other side after, especially if highly prejudiced, and in competitive settings
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When intergroup perspective taking is succesful...
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1) empathic concern predicts helping for ingroup, not outgroup
2) attraction to other predicts liking for outgroup |
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Intergroup Helping as Status relations (IHSR)
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Helping situations imply a power difference
between helper and recipient • Helping relations can create, maintain, or challenge intergroup social hierarchies • Examines the help, helper, and recipient |
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IHSR: Types of help
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Dependency-oriented help:
Give the full solution to a problem; does not promote self-sufficiency Autonomy-oriented help: Gives partial solution to a problem; promotes selfsufficiency |
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IHSR The Helper
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Defensive Helping:
• High status group members try to maintain their status Offers dependency-oriented help, regardless of out-group need More likely when individuals value group membership • More likely when status is unstable • More likely when separate identities are emphasized |
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IHSR: The recepient
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When status is unstable
• Don’t want unsolicited help on easy tasks • Resent dependency-oriented help from out-group • Seek autonomy-oriented help or no help from out-group |
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IHSR: The recepient when status is stable
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When status is stable
• Receptive to unsolicited dependency-oriented help from out-group • Seek dependency-oriented help from out-group |
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IHSR Conclusion
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High in-group identifiers are least likely to help;
and are most threatened by perspective taking, most likely to offer defensive help to out-group |
