Psych Ch. 1

Front 1

hypothesis

Back 1

a specific claim about what the facts, once observed, will turn out to be

Front 2

dependent variable

Back 2

want to find out if this variable depends on some other factor-can be assessed directly

Front 3

independent variable

Back 3

variable whose effects are examined

Front 4

control group

Back 4

the group that does not undergo experimental manipulation, providing the basis for comparison

Front 5

experimental group

Back 5

the group introduced to experimental manipulation

Front 6

experimental manipulation

Back 6

introduction of a factor that is being tested in an experiment

Front 7

placebo effects

Back 7

effects caused by someone's belief about a drug or therapy

Front 8

demand characteristics

Back 8

cues in a situation signaling that one response is desirable

Front 9

double-blind study

Back 9

neither investigator nor subject know which is the control group

Front 10

confounds

Back 10

uncontrolled factors that could influence the results

Front 11

observational study

Back 11

study in which investigator observe key factos,rather than manipulating them directly

Front 12

correlational study

Back 12

the investagator observes the relation ship between the independent variable & a dependent variable

Front 13

causality

Back 13

the reazon something happens, the cause of something

Front 14

case study

Back 14

investigators observe and then describe a single inidividual or single group

Front 15

single case experiment

Back 15

investigators manipulat the values of some independent variable, then asses the effects w/ in a single patient

Front 16

population

Back 16

all members of a given group

Front 17

sample

Back 17

a subset of the population investigators are interested in

Front 18

random sample

Back 18

every member of the population has an equal chance of being picked

Front 19

stratified sample

Back 19

each subgroup of the population is porportionate in size in the sample population

Front 20

random assignment

Back 20

participants assigned randomly to the eperimental or control group

Front 21

within-subject design

Back 21

compare the same subjects before and after

Front 22

counter balancing

Back 22

make the confound have a balanced effect on both of the conditions

Front 23

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Back 23

repeated magnetic stimulation at the surgace of the skull used to stimulate a region of the brain and cause a temporary lesion

Front 24

medulla

Back 24

part of the hindbrain that controls respiration circulation, balance and protective reflexes

Front 25

neuroimaging techniques

Back 25

methods that permit noninvasive study and pecition of brain strucuture or function

Front 26

pons

Back 26

top most portion of hte hindbrain
-involved in facial sensations/muscular actions and regulating sleep and arousal

Front 27

stimulation

Back 27

an influence that has an activating or excitatory effects on brain/bodily functions

Front 28

amygdala

Back 28

in temporal lobe
role in emotion and evaluation of stimuli

Front 29

cerebellum

Back 29

2 ssmall hemispheres tat make up the hindbrain
-controll muscular coordination and equilibrium

Front 30

hippocampus

Back 30

for endocrine system

Front 31

limbic system

Back 31

interconected subcortical strucures
-emotional and motivation activities, learning and memory

Front 32

cortex

Back 32

outermost layer of an orgain in the body

Front 33

hypothalamus

Back 33

-base of forebrain
-NAS, endocrine system, major biological drives

Front 34

glucose

Back 34

major source of energy for body tissues

Front 35

glycogen

Back 35

stored energy derived from glucose

Front 36

EEG

Back 36

record of the summed activity of cortical cells picked up by wires placed on the skull

Front 37

REM rebound

Back 37

tendency to spend more time in REM if deprived in previous nights

Front 38

signal detection theory

Back 38

act of perceiving a stimulus is a judgement about whether a memomentary sensory experience is due to background noise alone or background noise plus a signal
-measure for sensory sensitivity

Front 39

psychophysics

Back 39

understanding perception that relates the physical stimuli to the attributes of sensory experience they produce

Front 40

transduction

Back 40

procss by qhich a receptor reacts to some physical stimulus and creates action potentials in another neuron

Front 41

pitch

Back 41

psychological dimension of sound that corresponds to frequency

Front 42

cochlea

Back 42

-coiled structure in innear ear
-contains basilar membrane whose deformation by sound-produced pressure stimulates auditory receptors

Front 43

eardrum

Back 43

taut membrane that transmits vibrations caused by sound waves across the middle to the inner ear

Front 44

auditory canal

Back 44

tube that carries sound from outer ear to eardrum

Front 45

place theory

Back 45

different regions of the basilarmembrane respond to different sound frequencies, interpereted by nervous system as different pitches

Front 46

frequency theory

Back 46

perception of a tone's picth is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory systems
-correct for low pitches, wrong for high pitches

Front 47

wavelength

Back 47

distances between the 2 crests of 2 sucessive waves
-major determinant for pitch and hue

Front 48

cornea

Back 48

eye's transparent outer coating

Front 49

lens

Back 49

portion of the eye that bends light rays and can focus and image on the retina

Front 50

photoreceptors

Back 50

visual-pigment-filled light-sensitive cell at the back of the retina
-cone or rod
-transudece light energy into neural impulses

Front 51

retina

Back 51

-back of the interior of the eye
-contains photoreceptors, several layers of intermediate neurons, and cel bodies of axons of the optic nerve

Front 52

rods

Back 52

photoreceptors i the retina that responed to lower light intnsities and give rise to achromatic (colorless) sensations

Front 53

cones

Back 53

visual receptors that respond to greater light intensities and giver rise to chromatic sensations

Front 54

contrast effects

Back 54

things look much brighter on a dark background/when closer together

Front 55

fovea

Back 55

area of retina on which an image falls when viewer is looking driectly at the source of the image
-most acute

Front 56

optic nerve

Back 56

bundle of fibers that proceeds from each beyeball to the brain
-axons w/ cell bodies that are retinal ganglion cells

Front 57

sensory adaption

Back 57

getting used to a stimuli

Front 58

hue

Back 58

pervieved dimesnion of visual stimuli whose meaning is close to the term coloer

Front 59

lateral inhibition

Back 59

tendency of advacent neural images to inhibit each other

Front 60

negative afterimage

Back 60

-color vision
-persistance of image that posses the hue complementary to that stimulus
(yellow after staring at a blue lamp)

Front 61

opponent-process theory

Back 61

1. Ecitation of one member pair automatically inhibits another (red/green; blue/yellow; white/black)
2. nervous system tends to courter act any dviation from the neutral point on pain-pleasure dimmension

Front 62

Young-Hemholtz theory

Back 62

color vision
each of 3 receptor types (short, medium, and long wave) gives rise to the experience of one basic color (blue, green, or red)

Front 63

auditory ossicle

Back 63

3 bone sof the midle ear that transmit vibrations form eardrum to oval window

Front 64

blind spot

Back 64

region of retina that has no visual receptors

Front 65

feature detection

Back 65

neurons n retina/brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus (movement, orientation, ect)

Front 66

hair cells

Back 66

auditory receptors in the cochlea, between basilar membrane and other membranes avove

Front 67

binocular disparity

Back 67

eye obtains a different view of an object, the disparity becoming less pronouces the farther away the onject is

Front 68

apparent movement

Back 68

flashing makes it look likes its moving

Front 69

induced movement

Back 69

moving frameowkr makes it look like its moving

Front 70

perceptual parsing

Back 70

group of various visual elements of a scene, desiding which go together

Front 71

reversible figures

Back 71

visual patterns that allow multiple interpretation, ie changing figure and ground

Front 72

proximity

Back 72

closeness of 2 figures, that makes them be grouped together perceptually

Front 73

good continuation

Back 73

conturs seen in a way that their direction is altered as little as possible

Front 74

feature net

Back 74

pattern of recogniction wh/ a network of detectors, w/ feature detectors @ the bottom

Front 75

priming

Back 75

advance knowledge can increase the ease of recall

Front 76

cocktail part effect

Back 76

tune into the voice of one taking, filter out other voices as background noise

Front 77

dichotic listening

Back 77

1 stimulus to each ear, only one is attended to

Front 78

size constancy

Back 78

percieve obects as retaining their size, even when they moved away and the image on the reitina is smaller

Front 79

shape constancy

Back 79

retain shape despite different angle produced on retina

Front 80

unconcious interferance

Back 80

explains size constancy-Hemholtz

Front 81

depth of processing

Back 81

deeper levels of processing leads to better meaning over sound)

Front 82

memory span

Back 82

number of items that can be recalled after 1 presentation

Front 83

rehersal

Back 83

trying to rember somethin

Front 84

working memory

Back 84

activate part that has little cognitive capacity

Front 85

mnemonics

Back 85

deliberate strateges for helping memroy, many use imagery

Front 86

forgetting curve

Back 86

inverse relationship between memory and retention interval

Front 87

method of loci

Back 87

-mnemonic technique
-requires learner to visualize item to remeber in a differet spacial localtion
-mentally inspect for item placed there for recall

Front 88

repressed memories

Back 88

memory so anxiety laden it has been pused out of conciousness

Front 89

flashbulb memories

Back 89

-vivid, detailed
-produced by unexpected/emotional events

Front 90

tip-of-the-tongue

Back 90

remains of the verge of retrieving a word or name, but unsucessful

Front 91

declarative knowledge

Back 91

knowing that (ie someone's name)

Front 92

procedrual knowledge

Back 92

knowing how to do something