Psych

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Language

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Is a system of symbols that is used to communicate with others and in our thinking. is a system of symbols that is used to communicate with others and in our thinking.

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Phonology

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the sounds of a language

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Phonemes

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Smallest distinct sounds in a particular language

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Morphology

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The way words are formed from sounds and how words are related to other words. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words.

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Morpheme

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Smallest unit that has meaning in a language

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Syntax

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the grammar of a language

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Semantics:

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the meaning of words

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Pragmatics

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how language is used in social situations

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Broca’s area (Expressive)

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involved in speech production, located near the motor center that produces movement of the lips and tongue

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Wernicke’s area (Receptive)

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-Understanding and creating meaning in speech

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Theories of Language Development

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Behaviorismand Social Cognitive Learning Theory- Nativism- Interactionism-Cognitive-Processing Theory

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Prenatal Development

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A fetus can hear many things in utero Infants prefer the sound of their mother reading a book when they hear her read it prenatally to the sound of her reading something else. Newborns also show a preference for the language that their mother speaks.

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Infants’ Preverbal Communication

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Crying, Cooing, Babbling

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Children use constraints to form

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hypotheses about the names for things in the environment.

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Whole object bias

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aword names a whole object

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Mutual exclusivity

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there is only one name for an object, so any other name must refer to a different object (e.g., mido and their)

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Taxonomic constraints

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two objects with features in common can have acommon name, but each object also needs an individual name.

Example: Animals vs. Cat and dog

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Bilingualism and Bilingual Education

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Children learning two languages simultaneously reach milestones at about the same time as those learning one. No strong evidence that early bilingualism gives global cognitive advantage, Advantages on executive functioning, Inhibition, Switch tasks.

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language disorder

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causes both the child’s understanding of language (receptive) and the ability to use language (expressive) to be substantially below norms for his age.

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speech sound disorder

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causes difficulty producing sounds or using sounds correctly for the child’s age.

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childhood-on set fluency disorder or stuttering

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is a disorder in which the child has difficulty with fluency and time patterning of speech.

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socialor pragmatic communication disorder

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results in difficulty with both verbal and nonverbal communication.

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Dyslexia

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difficulty distinguishing or separating the sounds of spoken words