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164 Cards in this Set
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In decision analysis, the proportion of people expected to succeed on a criterion if they are chosen at random
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base rate
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In test decision theory, a case in which the test suggests a negative classification, yet the correct classification is positive
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False Negative
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In test decision theory, a case in which the test suggests a positive classification, yet the correct classification is negative
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False Positive
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In test decision analysis, the proportion of cases in which a test accurately predicts success or failure
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Hit rate
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In tests decision analysis, the proportion of selected applicants to unselected ones
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Selection Ratio
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A relatively new field of study that deals with the relationship between environments and behavior, the description of behavioral setting and other related topics
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Social ecology
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A series of tables one can use to evaluate the validity of a test in relation to the amount of information it contributes beyond what would by known by chance
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Taylor Russell Tables
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A rule used by federal agencies in deciding whether there is equal employment opportunity. Any procedure that results in a selection rate for any race, gender, or ethnic group that is less than four fifths (80%) of the selection rate for the group with the highest rate is regarded as having an adverse impact.
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Four-Fifths Rule
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The tendency to agree or to endorse a test item as true
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Acquiescence
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A test result presented in relative rather than absolute terms; compare the individual against him- or herself. Each person thus provides his or her own frame of reference
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Ipsative Score
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The tendency to mark a test item in a certain way irrespective of content
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Response style
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A questionnaire that provides a list of statements about an individual and requires him or her to respond in some way to each, such as True or False
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Self-report questionnaire
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A personality characteristic reflecting the differences among people in the intensity of their reaction to stressful situations
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Trait Anxiety
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The proposal that when a person attempts to understand an ambiguous or vague stimulus, his or her interpretation reflects needs, feelings, experiences, prior conditioning, thought processes, and so forth
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Projective Hypothesis
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In the Gesell Developmental schedules, a test score that is obtained by assessing the presence or absence of behaviors associated with maturation
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Developmental Quotient
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In the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, a standard score with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 16
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General Cognitive Index
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In the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, a nonverbal estimate of verbal intelligence; in general, the ability to understand language
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Receptive Vocabulary
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A method for evaluating reliability in which a test is split into halves. The correlation between the halves of the test, corrected for the shortened length of the halves, is used as an estimate of reliability.
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Split-Half Reliability
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The range of percentiles that are likely to represent a subject's true score. It is created by forming an interval one standard error of measurement above and below the obtained score and converting the resulting values to percentiles.
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Percentile Band
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Discrimination based on the fact that older children have greater capabilities than do younger children
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Age Differentiation
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A test in which items are grouped according to age level
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Age scale
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The level at which a minimum criterion number of correct responses is obtained
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Basal
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A certain number of incorrect responses that indicate the items are too difficult
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Ceiling
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A unit for expressing the results of intelligence tests. The intelligence quotient is based on the ratio of the individual's mental age (MA) (as determined by the test) to actual or chronological age (CA): IQ = (MA/CA) x 100.
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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On the Wechsler tests, a standard score with a mean of 10 and standard deviation of 3
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Scaled Score
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A test that consists of tasks that require a subject to do something rather than to answer questions
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Performance Scale
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A rating scale format that often uses the categories 1 to 10
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Category Format
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A test item format in which there are 2 alternatives for each item
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Dichotomous Format
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In item analysis, how well an item performs in relation to some criterion. For example, items may be compared according to how well they separate groups who score high and low on the test. The index of discrimination would then be the correlation between performance on an item and performance on the whole test.
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Discriminability
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Alternatives on a multiple choice exam that are not correct or for which no credit is given
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Distractors
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A set of methods used to evaluate test items. The most common techniques involve assessment of item difficulty and item discriminability
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Item Analysis
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A graph prepared as part of the process of item analysis. One graph is prepared for each test item and shows the total test score on the X axis and the proportion of test takers passing the item on the Y axis.
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Item Characteristic Curve
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A form of item analysis used to assess how difficult items are. The most common index of difficulty is the percentage of test takers who respond with the correct choice
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Item Difficulty
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A format for attitude scale items in which subjects indicate their degree of agreement to statements
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Likert Format
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A test in which points are assigned to each item. In a point scale, all items with a particular content can be grouped together
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Point Scale
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A format for objective tests in which three or more alternative responses are given for each item. This format is popular for multiple choice exams
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Polytomous Format
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The tendency for observers in behavioral studies to stray from the definitions they learned during training and to develop their own idiosyncratic definitions of behaviors
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Drift
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The tendency for results to be influenced by what experimenters or test administrators expect to find (also known as the Rosenthal effect)
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Expectancy Effects
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The phenomenon that causes the reliability of a scale in behavior studies to be higher when an observer know that his or her work is being monitored
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Reactivity
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A response to situations that pose demands, place constraints, or give opportunities
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Stress
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Anxiety that occurs in test-taking situations
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Test Anxiety
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In interviewing, a questions that answered specifically. Such questions generally require the interviewee to recall something.
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Closed-ended question
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A statement that points out a discrepancy or inconsistency
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Confrontation
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A statement in interviewing that judges or evaluates
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Evaluative Statement
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In interviewing, a statement that reflects anger
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Hostile Statement
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In interviewing, a question that usually cannot be answered specifically. Such questions require the interviewee to produce something spontaneously
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Open-Ended Question
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A statement in interviewing that demands more information than the interviewee has been willing to provide of his or her own accord
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Probing Statement
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In interviewing, a statement intended to comfort or support
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Reassuring Statement
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Tendency of people to behave like the models around them
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Social Facilitation
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An interview conducted under standard conditions that are well defined in a manual or procedure book
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Standardized Interview
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In interviewing, a statement that communicates understanding
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Understanding Response
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An interview conducted without any specific or particular questions or sequences of questions
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Unstructured Interview
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An index used to express the relationship between a continuous variable and an artificially dichotomous variable
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Biserial Correlation
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In correlation and regression analysis, the index of nonassociation between 2 variables
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Coefficient of Alienation
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The correlation coefficient squares; gives an estimate of the percentage of variation in Y that is known as a function of knowing X (and vice versa)
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Coefficient of Determination
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A mathematical index used to describe the direction and the magnitude of a relationship between 2 variables
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Correlation Coefficient
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The evidence that a test score corresponds to an accurate measure of interest (criterion)
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Criterion Validity Evidence
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The process of evaluating a test or a regression equation for a sample other than the one used for the original studies
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Cross Validation
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In item analysis, how well an item performs in relation to some criterion. For example, items may be compared according to how well they separate groups who score high and low on the test. The index of discrimination would then be the correlation between performance on an item and performance on the whole test
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Discriminant Analysis
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On a 2D graph, the point on the Y axis where X equals 0. In regression, this is the point at which the regression line intersects the Y axis
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Intercept
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A multivariate data analysis method that considers the relationships between combinations of 3 or more variables
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Multivariate Analysis
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An index of correlation between 2 continuous variables
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Pearson Product Moment Correlation
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The best fitting straight line through a set of points in a scatter diagram
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regression Line
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The difference between predicted and observed values from a regression equation
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Residual
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In correlation and regression, variablility on one measure is used to forecast variability on a second measure. If the variability is restricted on either measure, the observed correlation is likely to be low. For example, the correlation between the GRE and performance among students in an elite graduate program is likely to be low because GRE scores among students admitted to the program might have very little variability. The true correlation considering all students at all universities may be higher.
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Restricted Range
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A picture of the relationship between 2 variables. For each individual, a pair of observations is obtained, and the values are plotted in a 2-dimensional space created by variables X and Y
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Scatter Diagram
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Many times a regression equation is created for one group and used to predict the performance of another group of subjects. This procedure tends to overestimate the magnitude of the relationship for the second group. The amount of decrease in the strength of the relationship from the original sample to the sample with which the equation is used
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Shrinkage
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A method for finding the correlation between 2 sets of ranks
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Spearman's Rho
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An index of the accuracy of regression equation. It is equivalent to the standard deviation of the residuals from a regression analysis.
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Standard Error of Estimate
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An index of the amount of error in a test or measure; a standard deviation of a set of observations for the same test
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Standard Error of Measurement
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A variable that may account for the observed relationship between 2 other variables
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Third Variable
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A non-directional test of the null hypothesis. In contrast to a one-tailed test which states a specific direction, the two-tailed test is used to evaluate whether observations are significantly different from chance in either the upper or lower end of the sampling distribution.
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Two-Tailed Test
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A generalized method for estimating reliability
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Coefficient Alpha
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Correction of the reduction, caused by low reliability, in the estimated correlation between a test and another measure; used to estimate what the correlation would have been if the variables had been perfectly reliable
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Correction for Attunation
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A multivariate data analysis method for finding the linear combination of variables that best describes the classification of groups into discrete categories
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Disciminantability Analysis
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A formula for estimating the internal consistency of a test; is equivalent to the average split-half correlation obtained from all possible splits of the items. To be applied, all items must be scored either 0 or 1
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Kuder Richardson 20
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The component of an observed test score that is neither the true score nor the quality you wish to measure
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Measurement Error
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The method of reliability assessment used to evaluate the error associated with the use of a particular set of items. Equivalent forms of a test are developed by generating two forms using the same rules. The correlation between the two forms is the estimate of parallel forms reliability.
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Parallel Forms Reliability
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A formula developed by Spearman and Brown that one can use to correct for the loss of reliability that occurs when the splithalf method is used and each half of the test is one- half as long as the whole test. The method can also be used to estimate how much the test length must be increased to bring the test to a desired level of reliability.
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Prophecy Formula
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Tests created by successive random sampling of items from a domain or universe of items
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Randomly Parallel Tests
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An index of the amount of error in a test or measure; is a standard deviation of a set of observations for the same test
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Standard Error of Measurement
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A method for estimating how much measurement error is caused by time sampling, or administering the test at two different points in time. Test retest reliability is usually estimated from the correlation between performances on two different administrations of the test.
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Test Retest Reliability
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The score that would be obtained on a test or measure if there were no measurement error; in practice, can be estimated but not directly observed
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True Score
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Evidence for criterion validity in which the test and the criterion are administered at the same point in time
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Concurrent Validity Evidence
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A process used to establish the meaning of a test through a series of studies. To evaluate evidence, a researcher simultaneously defines some construct and develops the instrumentation to measure it. In the studies, observed correlations between the test and other measures provide evidence for the meaning of the test
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Construct Validity Evidence
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The evidence that the content of a test represents the conceptual domain it is designed to cover
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Content Validity Evidence
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Evidence obtained to demonstrate that a test measures the same attribute as do other measures that purport to measure the same thing. A form of construct validity evidence
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Disciminant Evidence
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The extent to which items on a test appear to be meaningful and relevant. Actually NOT evidence for validity
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Face Validity
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The evidence that a test forecasts scores on the criterion at some future time
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Predictive Validity Evidence
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The unit for the horizontal axis in a frequency distribution
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Class Interval
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A test that describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge of an individual relative to a well-defined mastery criterion; limited to certain well-defined objectives
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Criterion Referenced Test
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Points that divide the frequency distribution into equal tenths
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Deciles
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Methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of quantitative information
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Descriptive Statistics
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The systematic arrangement of scores on a measure to reflect how frequently each value on the measure occurred
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Frequency Distribution
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Logical deductions (from evidence) about something that one cannot observe directly
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Inferences
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Methods used to make inferences from a small group of observations, called a sample. These inferences are then applied to a larger group of individuals, known as a population. Typically, the researcher wants to make statements about the larger group but cannot make all of the necessary observations
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Inferential Statistics
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The interval of scores bounded by the 24th and 75th percentiles
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Interquartile Range
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A scale that one can use to rank order objects and on which the units reflect equivalent magnitudes of the property being measured
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Interval Scale
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A standardization score system with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10; can be obtained from a simple linear transformation of Z scores (T = 10z + 50)
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McCall's T
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The arithmetic average of a set of scores on a variable
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Mean
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The point on a frequency distribution marking the 50th percentile
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Median
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Systems that arbitrarily assign numbers to objects. Mathematical manipulation of numbers from a nominal scale is not justified. For example, the numbers on the backs of football players’ uniforms are a nominal scale
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Nominal Scales
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A test that evaluates each individual relative to a normative group
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Norm-referenced test
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A summary of the performance of a group of individuals on which a test was standardized. The norms usually include the mean and the standard deviation for the reference group and information on how to translate a raw score into a percentile rank
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Norms
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A scale that one can use to rank order objects or individuals
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Ordinal Scale
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The proportion of scores that fall below a particular score
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Percentile Rank
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Points that divide the frequency distribution into equal fourths
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Quartiles
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An interval scale with an absolute zero, or point at which there is non of the property being measured
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Ratio Scale
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The square root of the average squared deviation around the mean (or the variance). It is used as a measure of variability in a distribution of scores. An approximation of the average deviation around the mean
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Standard Deviation
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A system fro assigning the numbers 1 through 9 to a test score. The system was developed by the US Air Force. The standardized stanine distribution has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of approximately 2
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Stanine System
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The tendency to stay at about the same level of growth or performance relative to peers who are the same age
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Tracking
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The average squared deviation around the mean; the standard deviation squared
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Variance
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Contains items that can be scored in terms of speed, accuracy, or both. The faster or more accurate your responses, the better your scores on a particular characteristic
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Ability Test
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Previous Learning
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Achievement
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Tests previous learning
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Achievement Test
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Potential for learning a specific skill
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Aptitude
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Tests potential for learning a specific skill
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Aptitude test
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Takes place within an individual and cannot be directly observed
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covert behavior
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A test that describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge of an individual relative to a well-defined mastery criterion. The content of these tests is limited to certain well-defined objectives
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Criterion Referenced Test
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A set of multivariate data analysis methods for reducing large matrices of correlations to fewer variables. The variables are linear combinations of the variables that were in the original correlation matrix
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Factor Analysis
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A test that a single test administrator can give to more than one person at a time
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Group Test
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Behaviors that reflect either what a person has learned or the person's capacity to emit a specific behavior; includes achievement, aptitude, and intelligence
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Human Ability
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Tests that can be given to only one person at a time
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Individual Tests
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General potential independent of previous learning
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Intelligence
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A method of gathering information by talk, discussion, or direct questions
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Interview
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A specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly and that can be scored or evaluated
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Item
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A unit for expressing the results of intelligence tests. This unit is based on comparing the individual's performance on a test with the average performance of individuals in a specific chronological age group
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Mental Age
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A test that evaluates each individual relative to a normative group
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Norm Referenced Test
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Provides a self-report statement to which the person responds "true", "false," "yes," "no"
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Objective (structured) test
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A test in which questions are open-ended and cannot be answered specifically; the interviewee is required to produce something spontaneously
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Open Test
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An individual's observable activity
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overt Behavior
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A test that consists of tasks that require a subject to do something rather than to answer questions
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Performance test
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Tests that measure overt and covert disposition of individuals (the tendency that individuals will show a particular behavior or response in any given situation). They measure typical human behavior
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Personality Tests
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The basic concepts and fundamental ideas that underlie all psychological and education tests
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Principles of psychological testing
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Tests in which the stimulus or the required response or both are ambiguous. The general idea behind projective tests is that a person's interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus reflects his or her unique characteristics
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Projective Personality Test
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A devices for measuring characteristics of human beings that pertain to overt and covert behavior. Measures past, present, or future human behavior
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Psychological Testing
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The extent to which a score or measure is free of measurement error. Theoretically, it is the ratio of true score variance to observed score variance. This ratio can be estimated using a variety of correlational methods. Refers to the degree to which test scores are free of measurement errors
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Reliability
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A sample (group) composed of individuals with characteristics similar to those for whom the test is to be used
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Representative Sample
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Tools that relate raw scores on test items to some defined theoretical or empirical distribution
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Scales
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A comparison group consisting of individuals who have been administered a test under standard conditions--that is, with the instructions, format, and general procedures outlines in the test manual for administering the test (also called a normative sample)
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Standardization Sample
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Test conducted under standard conditions that are well defined in a manual or procedure book; everything is the same for everyone taking the tes
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Standardized Test
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Tests that provide a statement, usually of the self-report variety, and require the subject to choose between 2 or more alternative responses
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Structured Personality Tests
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Tests that require the subject to choose between 2 or more alternative responses
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Structured Test
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Provides an ambiguous test stimulus; response requirements are unclear
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Subjective (projective) tests
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A measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior
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Test
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The act of giving a test
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Test Administration
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The person giving the test
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Test administrator
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A collection of tests, the scores of which are used together in appraising an individual
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Test Battery
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Enduring or persistent characteristics of an individual that are independent of situations
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Traits
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The extent to which a test measures the quality it purports to measure. Refers to the degree to which a certain inference or interpretation based on a test is appropriate
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Validity
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The effect of any test used for selection purposes if it systematically rejects substantially higher proportions of minority than majority job applicants
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Adverse Impact
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The extent to which a test has different meanings for different groups of people.
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Differential validity
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A set of procedures created by the equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC) to ensure fairness in employment practices. The EEOC guidelines discuss the minimum requirements for the validity and reliability of the psychological tests used for employee selection
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EEOC Guidelines
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In the SOMPA system, WISC-R scores adjusted for the SES background of the children; they take the place of IQ scores
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Estimated Learning Potentials
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An ellipse on a scatterplot (or 2D scatter diagram) that encircles a specified proportion of the cases constituting particular groups
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Isodensity Curve
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A test that tailors itself to the ability of the test taker
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Adaptive Test
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A test that does not tailor itself to the ability of the test taker--it is the same for all test takers
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Nonadaptive Test
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A test in which the testing conditions are not the same for everyone
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Nonstandardized Test
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The formal testing of what has been learned in order to produce marks or grades which may be used for reports of various types. Example: a chapter quiz
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Summative Test
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Test in which the emphasis is on on-going assessments of different types used to judge how best to help pupils learn further
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Formative Tests
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Test that is administered and answered verbally
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Oral Test
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A test that is administered and answered via writing
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Written Test
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Test in which subjects are asked to make inferences from general principles using logic
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Deductive Test
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Test in which subjects are asked to rely on observations and experiences in order to answer questions
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Empirical Test
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