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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and underlying mental processes
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Nature-Nurture Question
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Is behavior inherited or is it acquired through experience? Is it a result of genetics or of environment?
*New question: To what EXTENT is behavior influenced by genetics/ behavior? |
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Darwin's Theory of Evolution
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Natural Selection- only the strongest survive.
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Inclusion Fitness
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Modern evolutionary theory; fitness= one's ability to adapt to a certain environment or environment's demands
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Modern Synthesis
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Evolution + Genetics; integration of molecular genetics into Darwinian evolution
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Evolutionary Psychology
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A theory of behavior that attempts to understand how psychological mechanisms develop and evolve.
*David Buss |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Founder of psychology; said to have done first, true psychological studies.
*Introspection- method of self-observation; focus on own sensation and consciousness |
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William James
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Father of U.S. psychology; lost interest in medicine, decided to study behavior; published Principles of Psychology
*Functionalism- important to study the function of consciousness as opposed to simply the structure |
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Early Schools of Thought
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*Structuralism- mental process is based on a combo of experience elements (Titchener)
*Functionalism- the adaptive significance (James) *Psychoanalytic- emphasizes the impact of unconscious determinants on behavior (Freud) *Behavioral- understand the environmental conditions that produce specific behaviors (Watson) |
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Humanism
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States that humans are unique in their capability to have a self-concept of their own characteristics and individuality (Carl Rogers)
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Classical Conditioning
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Study of learning; responses to new stimuli can be learned. Pavlov's dog test
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Gestalt psychology
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One's perceptions and mental operations can best be understood as organized wholes, not elementary parts. (Kohler, Koffka, Lewin)
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Neuroscience
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Brain controls behavior and psychological functions
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Psychodynamic
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The unconscious controls behavior
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Cognitive
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Behavior results from thought processes
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Experimental
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Type of research method; follows scientific method. Includes independent and dependent variables.
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Basic Science
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One type of scientific research; addresses an important issue or problem, but has no immediate practical applications.
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Applied Science
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Another type of scientific research; designed to deal with an immediate, practical problem that needs a solution.
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Experiment
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Control with variables; looking to establish cause and effect
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Goals of Scientific Psychology
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*Description- attain a carefully documented scientific description
*Prediction-guess about what is going to happen in experiment/ study *Application- improving a field by using other sciences as well as the original *Understanding- achieve a true causal knowledge of whatever one is studying |
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Research
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A process of inquiry or investigation in which scientists use careful, precise observation to arrive at a better understanding of some phenomenon
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Study
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A piece of research in which one attempts to control all relevant factors that might influence the results
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Theory
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An organized set of concepts and propositions designed to help scientists account for, predict and explain some set of phenomenon
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Law of Parsimony
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The theory should be as simple as possible while still fully accounting for the phenomena it deals with
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Sample
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A small number of people from a much larger population
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Representative
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Must have the same relevant characteristics as that population
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Case-Study
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an in-depth analysis of the behavior of a single person, whose thoughts, emotions, personality, attitudes and life history are subjected to careful, detailed scrutiny
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Correlation
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Indicates the degree of relationship between two variables
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Principles of Research
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*Standardization- applying every procedure in a consistent, precise fashion
*Operational definition- defining variables so there is little or no confusion *Generalization- applying research findings to an entire ppulation, not just the sample in one study *Reliability- consistency or stability in experiment (is it repeatable?) *Validity- extent to which a measure, a procedure or a study does what it is supposed to do *Replication- determining if the result can be achieved again *Programmatic research- carrying out a logical sequence of related studies in order to move towards a common goal of understanding some aspect of behavior |
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Self-report method
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Method of data collection; when a participant is asked to tell us something about themselves
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Interview
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Method of data collection; a dialogue between an interviewer and an interviewee
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Psychological test
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Method of data collection; a standardized measure of a person's behavior or performance
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