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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Ancient Treatment |
mostly primitive, clumsy, and superstitious |
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Egyptian surgery and prayers |
in some ways advanced for the era but mostly primitive, clumsy, and superstitious |
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Stone Age |
Trephining |
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Hippocrates’Early Medical Concepts "The four humors" |
1.black bile (Gk. melan chole) 2. yellow bile (Gk. chole) 3. phlegm (Gk. phlegma) 4. blood (Gk. haima) May have anticipated neurotransmitterand hormonal (im)balances. |
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Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts |
* mental disorders had natural causes and not (entirely) due to the influences of the gods * Categorizing disorders as mania, melancholia, or phrenitis * Associating dreams and personality |
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Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Plato (429–347 B.C.) |
*Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism * Emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences in shaping thinking and behavior (very similar to the nature-nurture paradigm) * considered mental disorder to divine causes * Discussed hospital care for people who developed beliefs that ran counter to those of the broader social community (revisited as social neuroscience) |
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Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Plato (429–347 B.C.) |
Plato wrote that people who had committed criminal acts were in some “obvious sense”: * not responsible for their acts and * should not receive punishment in the same way as normal persons(which is being revisited in the field of neurolaw as we speak) |
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Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Aristotle |
* Wrote lasting description of consciousness: Aristotle’s discussion of perceiving that we perceive (On the Soul 3.2) has points of contact with two contemporary debates about consciousness: * the first - whether consciousness is an intrinsic feature of mental states or a higher-order thought or perception * the second - the qualitative nature of experience. |
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Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Aristotle |
“thinking” as directed would eliminate pain and help to attain pleasure (which is possible if you’re on the same intellectual level as Aristotle) |
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Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Aristotle |
Did not believe that mental disorders could be cause by psychological factors such as frustration and conflict, instead, subscribing to the Hippocratic theory of disturbances in the bile (i.e., very hot bile might generate amorous desires,verbal fluency, and suicidal impulses) |
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Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Aristotle |
Before/during/after Aristotle, many thought the mind or soul was located in the heart: - slight injuries to the heart could cause death but - relatively large injuries to the head/brain did not cause death (which was, in its own crude way, a scientific observation) |
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Later Greek and Roman Thought Egyptian/Greek |
Proposed therapeutic measures: * dieting * massage * hydrotherapy * gymnastics * education |
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Later Greek and Roman Thought Roman |
Roman medicine focused on comfort:
Asclepiades - developed a theory of disease based on the flow of atoms through the pores in the body - developed treatments, such as massage, special diets, bathing, exercise, listening to music, rest and quite |
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Later Greek and Roman Thought Roman Galen |
Anatomy of nervous system and divided the causes of psychological disorders into physical and mental categories (including but not limited to injuries to the head, excessive use of alcohol, shock, fear, adolescence, menstrual changes, economic reversals, and disappointment in love.) |
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Early Views of Mental Disorders in China China |
One of earliest foci on mental disorders (very likely because it was one of the earliest economically and politically stable civilizations) |
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Early Views of Mental Disorders in China China |
Emphasis on natural causes: * yin and yang * positive and negative forces * complement and contradict each other (a very common “modern” view, i.e. BIS/BAS). |
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Early Views of Mental Disorders in China China |
Chung Ching: “Hippocrates of China”: * physical and mental disorders on clinical observations * implicated organ pathologies as primary causes * believed that stressful psychological conditions could cause organ pathologies * treatments utilized both drugs and the regaining of emotional balance through appropriate activities. |
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Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages Europe |
Europe entered its “dark age” - the Greek tradition survived in the Middle East: mentally disturbed individuals received humane treatments (rest, diet, etc.) |
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Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages Europe |
Europe - plagued with mass madness: treatment included exorcism, peaks in the 14th and 15th centuries, a period noted for social oppression, famine, and epidemic diseases (the black death thought to have killed 50% of the population), and severely disrupted social organization. |
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Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages Fear of witchcraft |
Fear of witchcraft questioned: Weyer publishes “On the Deceits of the Demons” (1583) in rebuttal to “Malleus Maleficarum”(1486) (how to hammer witches). Weyer’s work was banned by the Church and remained so until the 20th century. |
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Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages St. Vitus’s Dance and Lycanthropy |
St. Vitus’s Dance (Sydenham's chorea) probably caused by Group A beta-hemolytic Streptocossus. Lycanthropy probably caused by the ergot fungus exacerbated by the oppressive conditions of the time (diathesis-stress model in Chapter 3.) |
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Humanitarian Approaches |
- Resurgenceof Scientific Questioning in Europe * (When the economic and politicalstructures stabilized in Europe, people were “free” to follow the scientificmethod) - Establishment of Early Asylums - Humanitarian Reform - Nineteenth Century Views of Causes and Treatments of Mental Disorders - Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in Early Twentieth Century - Mental Hospital Care in Twenty-First Century |
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Resurgence of Scientific Questioning inEurope Renaissance |
Led to resurgence of scientific questioning in Europe Rejection of Witchcraft and other demonology Paracelsus (1490-1541) conflict between the instinctual and spiritual natures of human beings (which is now called the “mismatch” hypothesis) |
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The Establishment of Early Asylums Sixteenth Century |
Establishment of early asylums Prisons or storage places with filthy conditions and cruel patient treatment. Monastery of St. Mary of Bethlem (mispronounced Bedlam) was made into an asylum by Henry VIII The deplorable nature of these facilities probably caused as much mental illness as the number ofactual mentally ill who were sentenced there (which is something we’ll see inChapter 3’s nature – nature interaction |
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Humanitarian Reform France |
Philippe Pinel: by treating the “patients” nicely many/most of the symptoms went away, which, should have told them that the conditions were causing the symptoms; should be considered an early psych experiment |
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Humanitarian Reform England - William Tuke |
William Tuke (a Quaker) established the York Retreat in response to the brutality, ignorance, and indifference of that era (1732-1822) |
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Humanitarian Reform America: Benjamin Rush and Dorothy Dix |
Benjamin Rush: wrote Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind (1812) but did rely on astrology, bloodletting, and purgatives. Dorothy Dix: early advocate of humane treatment of mentally and physically ill people (1802-1887) |
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Moral Management |
a method of treatment that focused on a patient’s social, individual, and occupational needs. Moral management in asylums emphasized the patients moral and spiritual development and the rehabilitation of their “character” rather than their physical or mental disorders. Very little effective treatment was available for mental conditions at the time. If manual labor and (spiritual)discussions and humane treatment were “curing” people then its likely the absence of these things was making people “sick” |
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Mental Hygiene Movement |
a method of treatment that focused on the physical well-being of hospitalized mental patients. Although the patient's comfort levels improved under the mental hygienists, the patients received no help for their mental problems and thus were subtly condemned to helplessness and dependency(which, alternatively suggests that mental illness is more than just being physically uncomfortable). |
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Benjamin Franklin and ECT |
Proposed using electricity to treat melancholia from his own experiences with memory loss after being shocked. This is the basis for ECT which interrupts hyperconnectivity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC). ECT (at least in certain cases) is considered the most effective treatment fordepression. |
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The Military and the Mentally Ill |
Both causing mental illness and developing techniques to detect it. Not unlike living under constant economic and political stress (i.e., during the dark ages in Europe) the military environment in general, active duty in particular, and combat especially, can generate abnormal behavior when it wouldn’t otherwise have manifested. In addition, the specific and rigid behavioral expectations could “expose” idiosyncrasies which might have otherwise gone unnoted. |
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Nineteenth-Century Views of MentalDisorders Alienists |
* psychiatrists who treated the “alienated” or insane. * Gained control of asylums * Touted morality as important to good mental health |
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Nineteenth-Century Views of Mental Disorders |
- Mental disorders vaguely understood - melancholia result of nervous exhaustion - Emotional problems caused by expenditure of energy or by the depletion of bodily energies as a result of excesses in living* (*I do not know enough about the lifestyle habits of the early 19th century but it is possible people were making non-optimal lifestyle choices.) |
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Clifford Beers |
* Described own mental collapse in "A Mind That Found Itself" * Began campaign for reform |
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Deinstitutionalization |
late 20th century - * a reversal in policy occurred and many mentally ill patients were released * psychiatric hospitals were closed * there was a significant reduction in funding for mental health issues. This was almost entirely driven by financial policy and not scientific or medical decision making. |
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Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior - Recent changes |
•Biological discoveries •Development of mental disorders classification system •Emergence of psychological causation views •Experimental psychological research developments |
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Link Between the Brain and Mental Disorder |
Understandingincreased: • Technological discoveries: centuries of psychological thoughtpointed to biological origins of both normal and abnormal behavior, but, onlyin the 20th century were these ideasquantified. • Scientific advancements in chemistry, biology, physics, and theengineering behind brain scans make this link seem all but obvious. • Discoveryof connection between general paresis and syphilis • The fever cure to halt or undo the damage, which “proved” that atleast some mental illnesses were biological in nature and treatable withouthand holding or exorcisms. |
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Brain Pathology as a Causal Factor Neurology, chemistry, and general medicine |
Neurology, chemistry, and general medicine increased rapidly and pointed to diseased body organs as the cause of physical ailments. This led to the understanding that a diseased brain/nervous system could do the same to the psyche. |
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Brain Pathology as a Causal Factor Albrecht von Haller |
Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) emphasized the importance of the brain in psychic functions after studying the brains of the insane (postmortem of course) |
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Henry Cotton and EgasMoniz |
Pioneering but scientifically faulty psychosurgeries. This can be very effective but needs the rigorous research protocols that were developed decades later (largely because of their mistakes,ironically) |
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Development of a Classification System - Kraepelin |
* Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883): forerunner to DSM * Specifictypes of mental disorders identified |
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Development of the Psychological Basisof Mental Disorder - Mesmerism |
* Diseases treated by “animal magnetism” * Sourceof heated discussion in early nineteenth century |
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Franz Mesmer and the first modern (and accidental) Psychology Study |
*18th century Europe had been discovering invisible and mysterious forces.
*Isaac Newton proved the existence of gravity * Benjamin Franklin captured and experimented with electricity Jacques Charles harnessed invisible gasses to achieve flight * Mesmer believed he could cure diseases by passing magnets over one’s body (he couldn’t) - Then “realized” that the magnets were superfluous and merely ran his hands over subjects to cure them using animal magnetism (he couldn’t) * Using the experimental method, Franklin, Guillotin,Lavoisier, et al., uncovered the truth. * A subject believed d’Elson(Mesmer’s assistant) was in the next room directing animal magnetism and fellinto convulsions so strong she nearly bit thru her own hand (early observationof the placebo effect). * Subjects drank “magnetized” water andfainted. Upon waking were given actual “magnetized” water but it had no effect. * Mesmer’s “treatment” usually took place in a theatrical setting; lighting, music, candles, and affected commands. - This “treatment” likely did something; curing psychosomatic conditions, but, it did not conduct animal magnetism thru the ether and did not cure what Mesmer claimed it was curing. |
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Development of the Psychologica Basis of Mental Disorder - Nancy School |
Hysteria and hysterical conditions couldbe caused and removed by hypnosis. Early practitioners almost certainly overreached and misinterpreted their “findings” |
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Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) |
• understanding psychological factors in mental disorders • Psychoanalytic perspective • inner dynamics of unconscious motives |
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Psychoanalysis - Catharsis |
talking about your life can make you feel better
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Psychoanalysis - un(sub)conscious |
taking place outside of conscious awareness - has an effect on our psyche. |
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Psychoanalysis - Free association |
patients don’t always know what’s bothering them, but, if you get them to speak freely they sometimes “give it away” |
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Psychoanalysis - Dream analysis |
doesn’t really do anything |
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Experimental Psychology - Wilhelm Wundt |
First experimental psychological laboratory J. McKeen Cattell: Wundt’s methods to U.S. |
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Experimental Psychology - Lightner Witmer |
First American psychological clinic, juvenile delinquency is a symptom of urbanization |
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Behavioral Perspective - Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov |
exploring the physiological mechanisms of digestion, not psychology |
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Behavioral Perspective - Classical Conditioning JohnB. Watson |
believedall (or most) behavior was the result of stimulus-response, including abnormal behavior |
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Behavioral Perspective - Operant Conditioning |
* E. L.Thorndike * B. F.Skinner |
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Unresolved Issues |
* Interpretationof historical events and influence of biases * Controversy over importance and relevance of some historical events |
