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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Discriminative stimulus
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stimulus that signals presence of particular contingencies of reinforcement
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Central Executive
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decides what is important to remember
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Dysexecutive Syndrome
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forgetful but no long-term memory impairment
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Phonological Loop
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words stored in order based on sound, not meaning
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Visio-spatial sketchpad
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temporary image person can hold for 20-30 seconds
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Which schedule of reinforcement is best to maintain behavior for a long time w/ rapid rate of responding
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variable ratio schedules
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Primary reinforcer
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innately reinforce behavior w/o learning ex: food, water, sex
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Secondary reinforcer
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originally neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing by having paired w/ primary reinforcers (good grades)
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shaping
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produces novel behavior
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chaining
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putting together a sequence of existing responses in novel order
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According to levels of processing theory, which types of processing enhance long-term memory retention
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semantic level
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Retroactive interference
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new info interferes w/ retrieval of old information
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Proactive interference
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interference of prev. stored memories w/ retrieval of new information
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What is the best schedule of reinforcement to teach new behavior?
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continuous reinforcement schedule
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What happens when you first begin to use operant extinction to get someone to stop doing something?
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extinction bursts; sudden increase in frequent behavior
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Is it more effective to use positive or negative punishment repeatedly over long periods of time?
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negative punishment
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How much info is stored in working memory, sensory memory and ltm?
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Working-7 pieces of info
Sensory-picture, sounds LTM-infinite amount |
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Difference between internal and external locus of control
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internal-people are master's of their life
external-belief that one's lives are determined by forces outside themselves |
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Spreading activation
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activating one node in a network triggers activation in closely related nodes
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Difference between implicit and explicit memory
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explicit-conscious
implicit-not require conscious recollection, evident in skills, conditioned learning |
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Difference between retrospective and prospective memory
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retro-memory for things in past
prospective-memory for things tha tneed to be done in future |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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reemergence of previously extinguished conditioned response
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Stimulus Discrimination
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Learned tendence to respond to a restricted range of stimuli used during training
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Stimulus generalization
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May respond to stimulus that resemble CS w/ similar response
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Prepared learning
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biologically wired readiness to learn associations more easily than others
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Locus of control
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Generalized expectancies people hold about whether or not their own behavior can bring about outcomes they seek
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Operant conditioning
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learning to operate on environment to produce a consequence
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Punishment
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decreases the probability the behavior will occur
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After brain damage, is it common to lose long-term memories but to have an intact working memory?
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no
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Eidetic memory
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photographic memory
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Which schedule of reinforcement is best to maintain slow but continuous behavior for a long time
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fixed interval
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3 components of working memory
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central executive, visual memory, verbal memory
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Who discovered classical conditioning?
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Ivan Pavlov
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Who coined the term operant conditioning?
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B.F. Skinner
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Premack Principle
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granting access to activities that are otherwise freely chosen is highly reinforcing
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retrieval
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recovering info from LTM
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Escape learning
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behavior is reinforced by elimination of aversive state of affairs that already exist ex:sunbather puts sunblock on sunburn pain
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Avoidance learning
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organism learns to prevent an expected aversive event from happening
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Continuous reinforcement
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consequence is same each time animal emits a behavior
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Social learning
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learn from people around w/ or w/o reinforcement
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modeling
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observational learning in which person learns to reproduce behavior exhibited by model
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Vicarious conditioning
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person learns consequence of action by observing its consequences for someone else
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Tutelage
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teaching concepts of procedures through verbal explanation or instruction
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Decay theory
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explains forgetting as result of fading memory trace
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Encoding
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cast into a representational form or code that can be readily accessed
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State-dependent memory
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being in similar mood at encoding and retrieval can facilitate learning
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context-dependent memory
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context in which people encode and retrieve information
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