Psych 4

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frued's iceberg theory:

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The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories.

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Personality develops as a result of

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our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego).

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Conscious -

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ideas, thoughts of which we’re aware.

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Preconscious –

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material that can easily be recalled

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Unconscious -

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Well below the surface of awareness

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Ego –

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reality principle, self.

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Superego –

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moral guardian. Like an angel with a halo

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Id –

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pleasure principle. Unconscious, urges, desires

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The model of personality that Freud created involves ___ and ___ over:

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conflict and anxiety over unpleasant impulses and thoughts.

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Freud proposed the existence of defense mechanisms that function to

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downgrade or reduce these unpleasant thoughts and feelings to the unconscious.

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Most of the time, these mechanisms function as healthy ways to

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suppress (hold back, curb) anxiety.

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Rationalization -

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“making excuses” and reframing unpleasant events or actions as beneficial or appropriate. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

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Repression -

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“motivated forgetting” of unacceptable thoughts and feelings. Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

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Regression -

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a return to juvenile behavior. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage. “You’re only young once, but you can be immature forever!”

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Denial –

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refusal to acknowledge a problem.

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Projection -

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attributing one’s own undesirable characteristics or motives to other people. “It’s no secret that a liar won’t believe anyone else.” Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

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Displacement* -

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diversion of an unacceptable thought or impulse from its target to a less threatening one. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

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Sublimation -

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the transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into acceptable and pro-social behaviors.

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Reaction formation involves

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presentation of one’s thoughts or feelings as the extreme opposite of what they are. It causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

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Karen Horney believed that Freud

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exaggerated the role of sexuality in human behavior and motivation, and misunderstood the motivations of women and the dynamics of family relationships.

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The Neo-Freudians were

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psychologists and others who adopted some parts of Freud’s theory and modified other parts.

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Carl Jung believed in the

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collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance.

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The collective unconscious also contains

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archetypes. These are figures and themes that emerge repeatedly in human history and across cultures.

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Alfred Adler founded the school of

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“individual psychology.”

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A child struggles with an

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inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. People who do not succeed may suffer from an inferiority complex, an exaggerated feeling of inadequacy, throughout their lives.

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who came up with inferiority complex?

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adler

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adler proposed:

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He proposed that humans naturally seek personal excellence and fulfillment, and strive for superiority. We create a master plan for achieving this, called a style of life.
People who fail suffer from an inferiority complex, an exaggerated feeling of inadequacy.

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the learning approach:

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This relates specific behaviors to specific experiences. Often the experiences from which we learn are those of other people in our environment.

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Humanistic psychology
Founder:

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Abraham Maslow

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Humanistic psychology deals with

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values, beliefs, and consciousness, including spirituality and guiding principles by which people live their lives.

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Humanistic psychologists see people as

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essentially good.

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humanistic psychologist study:

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They study peak experiences, moments in life when a person feels truly fulfilled or content.

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Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a

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hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential .

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rogers said that Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of

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acceptance of others despite their failings.

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rogers believed that human nature is:

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He believed human nature is good

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Rogers believed that human welfare was best served when people related in an atmosphere of

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unconditional positive regard.

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a self-concept

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an image of the person that they really are.

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They also develop an ideal self,

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an image of the person they’d like to be.

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Maslow - Characteristics of the self-actualized individual include:

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An ability to perceive reality accurately
Independence, spontaneity, and creativity
Treating others with unconditional positive regard
An outlook that emphasizes problem-solving
Enjoyment of life
A good sense of humor

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A trait is a

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consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior, such as sociability, shyness or assertiveness.

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A state is a

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temporary activation of particular behavior.

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The Big Five personality traits

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These are: neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to new experience.

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Neuroticism is the tendency to

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experience unpleasant emotions very easily.

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Extraversion is a tendency to

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seek stimulation and enjoy the company of other people.

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Agreeableness is a tendency to

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be compassionate rather than antagonistic towards others.

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Conscientiousness is the tendency to

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show self-discipline, to be reliable, and to strive for competence and achievement.

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Openness to Experience refers to a tendency to

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enjoy new experiences and new ideas .

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the most used objective personality test:

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the

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most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.

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the MMPI-2's questions are designed to measure

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dimensions of personality such as sociability and conscientiousness.

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The most widely used projective test uses

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a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

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The Rorschach is composed of a

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series of 10 vague and confusing inkblots. The person taking the test is asked to interpret each of the blots.

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who created the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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by Henry Murray

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the TAT is a projective test in which

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people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

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The emotional version of the Stroop test requires a person to

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look at a list of words and say the color of the ink in which the word is printed.

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explain the emotional version of the stroop test

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Some of the words represent possible sources of concern or anxiety. The assumption is that the task will be more difficult and the pauses of the subject will be longer when trying to say the color of the words that relate to areas of concern.

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in psychology, personality is defined as the

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consisent weays in which one person's behavior differs from that of others, especiall in socia lcontexts

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who did the psychodynamic approach

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freud

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Psychodynamic theory relates personality to the

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interplay of conflicting forces within the individual.

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He was influenced by the psychiatrist____ who encouraged

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Josef Breuer,
patients to recall and discuss the details of traumatic early life
experiences in order to relieve the physical complaints.

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freud He believed the suffering was due to the

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unreleased emotions
associated with these traumatic events.

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catharsis. This means the

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emotional release an experience or feeling of spiritual release and
purification brought about by an intense emotional experience

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The unconscious mind contains

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memories, emotions and
thoughts, some of which are irrational or socially unacceptable.

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freud's first comprehensive theory of
personality, which included

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the unconscious mind,
psychosexual stages, and
defense mechanisms.

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Oedipus complex

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.
• He concluded that children wish to have sex with their opposite sex
parent but realize that it is forbidden.

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A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the
rival father. A girl’s desire for her father is called the

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Electra complex.

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the Stages of Psychosexual Development.

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Freud also developed a framework to explain the development of personality
over the course of childhood and adolescence. This framework is known
as

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Psychosexual
pleasure refers to

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all the strong and pleasurable sensations of excitement
that arise from body stimulation.

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libido (li-beed-o), means

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a sexual
drive or psychosexual energy

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the psychosexual stages

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The Oral Stage (The first year of life)
– The Anal Stage (About 1 to 3 years old)

• The Phallic Stage (About 3 to 6 years of age)
• The Latent Period (About 6 years to adolescence)
• The Genital Stage (Adolescence and beyond)

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Id

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Id is comprised of all of our biological drives that demand
immediate gratification. The ID unconsciously strives to
satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the
pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

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ego

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Ego, the rational, negotiating, and decision-making
component of the personality. The ego functions as
the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and
superego.

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superego

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Superego, the internalized values and rules we receive from
our parents and society. The superego provides standards
for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

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Demonic possession has been a

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common __diagnosis__ for thousands of years, where you are possessed by the demons.

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Running amok (running wild) consists of

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episodes of indiscriminant _violent___ behavior in young Southeast Asian men.

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dissociative identity disorder.

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There is alternation between two or more personalities.
Each has its own disposition, behavior, and name, as if each were a __separate____ person.

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The predominant view in Western culture today uses the _____to understand mental __illness__

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biopsychosocial model

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The DSM-IV - The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Establishes

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uniform definitions and standards for diagnosis.

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describe the DSM-IV

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Now in its fourth edition (DSM-IV-TR). Lists acceptable labels for all psychological __disorders__. Lists symptoms and criteria for making diagnoses and contains information on differential diagnosis – making distinctions between similar ___diagnoses___.

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Axis I - ____ are diagnosed on Axis I.

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Clinical disorders

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Axis II is reserved for

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personality disorders and mental retardation.

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Psychotherapy is treatment of psychological disorders by methods involving

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an ongoing relationship between a trained therapist and a client.

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The psychodynamic therapies are based on the theories of

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Sigmund Freud.

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Psychoanalysis uses ___ and ___ to bring unconscious material to consciousness.

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free association and transference

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catharsis,

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the release of pent-up emotions associated with unconscious thoughts and __memories__.

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In free association, the client thinks

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about a symptom or problem and then says everything that comes to mind related to it. This process is supposed to uncover hidden thoughts and feelings.

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Transference refers to the client’s

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experience of feelings previously associated with a parent or other important figure that are “transferred” to the __therapist_____.

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The goal of psychoanalysis is to

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resolve psychological problems by bringing to awareness the unconscious thought processes that created the difficulty.

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If a client disagrees with the therapist’s interpretations, they may label this as ___ which is:

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resistance, a continued repression that interferes with __therapy__.

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Cognitive therapy improves functioning

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by changing people’s thoughts and beliefs about situations.

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Rational-emotive therapy (RET) assumes that

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thoughts precede emotions, and that unpleasant feelings result from irrational __thoughts___.

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The goal of RET is to

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replace irrational thoughts

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Cognitive-behavior therapy sets

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clear goals for changing behavior (like a behavioral therapist).

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Humanistic therapists, founded by

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Abraham Maslow

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Humanistic therapists, founded

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by Abraham Maslow, believe that people naturally strive to achieve their full _potentials__.

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The most common humanistic therapy is ___ promoted by:

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person-centered (nondirective/client-centered) therapy, which Carl Rogers promoted.

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Person-centered therapy

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The therapist listens to the client non-judgmentally and provides unconditional positive regard

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unconditional positive regard,

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an ideal state like the regard that a loving parent has for a child.

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Family systems therapy

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Family systems therapy treats the person in the context of the _family_.
The underlying assumption is that an individual’s problems arise in a family setting. The best way to deal with these is to improve family relationships and communication.

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Eclectic therapists

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do not use a single method exclusively, but a combination of approaches. Psychologists may use behavior therapy with one client and RET with another, or shift therapy approach if __ineffective__

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Brief therapy models

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in which the therapist and client agree to a certain length, number of meetings, expectations and goals for the treatment are becoming more popular. Ex- once a week for 2 months, a set agreement betw therapist and client, instead of dragging on for yrs.

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Group therapy

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involves the treatment of many clients by one or two therapists on an ongoing basis. It’s less expensive and allows the clients to help each other with advice and feedback. Group session lets people examine how they relate to others, practice social skills, and receive feedback, and they find out that other people have similar problems which is __reassuring_____.

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Self-help groups

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work in a similar way but there is no therapist involved.
Ex – AA. There’s no therapist involved. Members can call on each other for ___help___.

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Deinstitutionalization refers to

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the trend over the second part of the twentieth century of removing patients from mental __hospitals___.

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Prevention methods are

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aimed at stopping mental illness before it ___begins___.

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Intervention

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involves identifying a disorder in its early stages and relieving it.

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Maintenance is

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taking steps to prevent an illness from becoming more __serious___

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Anxiety refers to

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a certain amount of fear and caution in the face of potential hazards.

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Anxiety is considered pathological when

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it interferes with daily functioning.

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the experience of

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almost constant and exaggerated worry.

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Often GAD is co-diagnosed with

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other mood disorders such as depression.

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symptoms of GAD

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Symptoms: chronic, exaggerated worry, tension, irritable, restlessness, trouble sleeping

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treatment of GAD

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Treatment: Anxiety is the most common, most treatable mental disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, biofeedback.

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Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by

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frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic.

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what is a key symptom of panic disorder?

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hyperventilating

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Treatments for Panic Disorder include:

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Psychotherapy
Anti-depressant drugs
Advice:

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phobia:

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Phobia is the most common type disorder involving avoidance behaviors. A phobia is strong and persistent fear of a specific object or situation – so strong it interferes with daily living.

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Social phobia –

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severe avoidance of other people and fear of doing anything in public.

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Agoraphobia –

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an intense fear of open or public places. Feels life is restricted, and avoids normal activities like food shopping, driving. Become house-bound.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

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symptoms of OCD

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obsessions+ compulsions

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Obsessions are

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repetitive, unwelcome streams of thought. Obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive actions.

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Compulsions are

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repetitive, almost irresistible actions. Checking and cleaning are two very common compulsive behaviors.

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There are two symptoms involved in the development of a drug addiction.

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tolerance + withdrawel

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Tolerance –

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decreased effects of a given dose.

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Withdrawal –

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unpleasant sensations when the drug is not used (or too little is used given the development of tolerance).

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Nearly all addictive drugs stimulate the dopamine receptors in the

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nucleus accumbens

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nucleus accumbens,

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a small brain area that is critical for the motivating effects of many experiences.

The nucleus accumbens is a small brain area that is critical for the motivating effects of many experiences, including drugs, food and sex. Most abused drugs increase the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in this area.

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Type I alcoholism

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develops gradually over the lifespan.It is equally prevalent in men and women.It is generally less severe in its health consequences.

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Type II alcoholism

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has an early onset.It is much more prevalent in men and more severe.

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Controlled drinking refers to

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reducing consumption of alcohol from dependent/abusive to moderate levels.

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Depression associated with a particular season of the year is called

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seasonal affective disorder.

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treatment for SAD

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Light therapy, which requires the person to sit in front of a bright light for a few hours each day, is effective for treating SAD.

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manic-depressive
disorder.

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It involves a cycling of mood between periods of
depression and mania. Mania is a state of extreme exuberance and agitation.

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which sex is more likely for depression and why?

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females; hormones

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treatments for depression:

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cognitive therapy, antidepressents, ect

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Cognitive therapy

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helps the individual develop more positive beliefs.

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Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) is

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a well-known but controversial treatment. A brief electrical shock is administered to the patient’s head.

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Bipolar I disorder involves the

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experience of at least one episode of mania.

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Bipolar II disorder involves

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alternation between major depression and hypomania, a milder form of mania.

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drug therapy for bipolar disease:

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lithium, Valproate and anticonvulsant drugs

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Hallucinations -

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false sensory experiences. Hearing voices is a common auditory hallucination of schizophrenia. Thought to be real

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Delusions or thought disorders -

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are unfounded beliefs. False idea or belief one believes to be true.

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There are three types of delusions:

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persecution, grandeur, and ideas of reference.

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causes of schzophrania:

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e neurodevelopmental hypothesis
Schizophrenia results from nervous system impairments developing before or at birth.
They may be due to genetic or other reasons.
Non-genetic risk factors include: poor prenatal care, difficult pregnancy and labor, and mother’s exposure to influenza virus.

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Positive symptoms of schizophrania:

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presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)

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negative symptoms of schizophrania:

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Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

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symptoms of autism:

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Impaired social relationships
Impaired communication
Stereotyped behaviors
Various other symptoms have been noted
If no intervention occurs, severe language and other cognitive delays are likely

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Asperger’s disorder is identified

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as a milder form of autism.
Persons who have Asperger’s can learn to function effectively in social situations.
They are less likely to be cognitively limited.

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Disability:

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Functional limitation or inability to perform specific act (walk, hear, see). Lack of ability.

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Learning Disability:

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Limitation on a person’s functioning that restricts the individual’s abilities to learn (reading, written language)

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handicap:

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Handicap: Limitation an individual experiences in a particular environment. A condition imposed upon a person who has a disability, due to result of society, physical environment, or person’s attitudes. Ex – golf, contest with disadvantages or advantages are placed upon contestants

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Exceptional:

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a comprehensive term. It describes anyone whose physical, mental, or behavioral performance deviates from the norm; unusual. Ex - Learning disabled and gifted.

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Mainstreaming:

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Mainstreaming is the practice of bringing disabled students and into the “mainstream” of student life. In the context of education is a term that refers to the practice of educating students with special needs in regular classes during specific time periods

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Disorder:

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General malfunction of mental, physical, or psychological processes.

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Sensory Disorders:

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Visual Impairment – vision loss due to damaged parts of eye or brain
Hearing Impairment – due to damaged parts of ear and hearing

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Physical Disorders:

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Cerebral Palsy – a disorder that involves a lack of muscular coordination, shaking, or unclear speech
Orthopedic impairment – involves restricted movement or lack of control over movement due to muscle, bone, or joint problems

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Seizure Disorders:

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Epilepsy – nervous disorders due to recurring sensorimotor attacks or movement convulsions

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Mental Retardation:

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a condition with an onset before age 18 involving low intelligence

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causes of mental retardation:

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Fragile X Syndrome (abnormal on X chromosome – elongated features of face), Brain Damage, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (abnormal features to offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy)