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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Masters and Johnson
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created sex studies
found sexual response cycle |
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excitement phase of sex
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genitals engorge with blood
vagina expands, gets wet |
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plateau phase of sex
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breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates continue to increase
penis is fully hard, precum happens clit retracts, orgasm feels imminent |
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orgasm phase of sex
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muscle contractions all over body
increase in breathing, pulse and blood pressure women more susceptible to getting pregnant |
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resolution phase of sex
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blood vessels return blood
body returns to unaroused state |
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refractory period
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resting period after orgasm where man cannot achieve orgasm
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testosterone
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male sex hormone
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androgens
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support growth of male sex traits
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external sexual stimuli
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outside sexually stimulating things
such as porn, erotic books, phone lines |
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habituation
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repeated exposure to erotic stimulus lessons sexual/emotional response
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imagined stimuli
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fantasies, imagined stimulus
wet dreams |
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rape myth
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women ask for it by dressing slutty, etc.
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ignorance in teen pregnancy
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teens don't know much about risks from sexual activity
ignorant regarding contraception and sexual occurences |
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guilt and teen pregnancy
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when asked, teens tend to regret having sex
guilt about sex can lead to reduce birth control |
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communication about birth control and teen pregnancy
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teens uncomfortable talking about contraception with parents
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alcohol use and teen pregnancy
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teens who drink before sex less likely to use condoms
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mass media norms and teen pregnancy
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television is full of sexual situations
usually without romance, little communication about protection lead to early sex |
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sexually transmitted infections
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more likely in teens, especially girls
lower antibodies longer exposure time |
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Intelligence as predictor of sexual restraint
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teen with high intelligence more often delay sex
because they appreciate negative consequences, more focused on achievement than right-now pleasure |
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religion as a predictor of sexual restraint
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religious teens and adults more often wait for sex until marriage
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father presence as a predictor of sexual restraint
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father absence linked to sex before age 16 and teen pregnancy
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service learning as predictor of sexual restraint
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lower pregnancy among teens who volunteer or participate in community
unsure why |
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sexual orientation
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enduring sexual attraction towards members of either ones own sex or opposite sex
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female erotic plasticity
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looking at sexual depictions, women respond to both male and female
sex drive shaped by outside forces |
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sexual orientation and # of male older siblings
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1 older brother more likely to be gay
and 1/3 more likely for each additional older brother |
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genetic influences in sexual orientation
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shared homosexuality more common in identical than fraternal twins
sexual attraction in fruit flies can be manipulated sexual orientation appears to be genetic |
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prenatal hormones in sexual orientation
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giving altered hormones prenatally might lead to homosexuality
R.H. men with older brothers more likely to be gay due to prenatal hormone exposure |
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brain differences in sexual orientation
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asymmetry greater in straight men and lesbian women
hypothalmic cell cluster larger in straight men than women/gay men gay man hypothalamus reacts like straight womans to smell of sex hormones |
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Aiding survival
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social bonds aid human survival
not only by literally caring for children, but by joining together as hunters/gatherers able to provide emotional support |
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sustaining relationships
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fear of being alone, so we strive to maintain relationships
even from far away via facebook, phone, text |
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pain of ostracism
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when need to belong is denied...like through the silent treatment, we become depressed
we experience social pain with the same emotional unpleasantness that marks physical pain when ostracized, we become aggressive and mean |
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zygote
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fertilized egg
cell division for 2 weeks then becomes embryo |
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embryo
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developing human from 2 weeks through 8 weeks
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fetus
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developing human from 9 weeks to birth
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placenta
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transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus
screens harmful substances |
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teratogens
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chemicals/viruses/anything that can reach embryo or fetus and cause harm
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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physical and cognitive abornomalities caused by pregnant womans heavy drinking
can cause facial misproportions |
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sleeper effects
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effects of some teratogens may not show up until much later in development
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habituation in newborn
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
more babies look at something, interest wanes sooner and look away |
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maturation
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
uninfluenced by experience |
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infantile amnesia
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that we cannot usually remember before 3 years
ex: emergency evacuation, 4/5 remember but 3 y/o dont remember correctly |
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accomodation
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as we interact with world, we adjust (accomodate) our current understandings to incorporate new information
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assimilation
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we interpret our new experiences in terms of our current understandings
ex: simple understanding of cow, toddler calls all 4 legged animals cow |
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sensorimotor stage
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birth to 2
experience world through senses/actions gain object permanence |
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object permanence
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awareness that things still exist when not percieved
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preoperational stage
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from 2 to 7
child learns to use language, is imaginative not understanding logic egocentrism/no conservation |
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egocentrism
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preoperational charactertic
cant take another persons viewpoint ie: what does sally think ? IDK |
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maturation
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
uninfluenced by experience |
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conservation
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properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same even when container changes
ex: milk poured into different glass, tall glass has more |
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infantile amnesia
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that we cannot usually remember before 3 years
ex: emergency evacuation, 4/5 remember but 3 y/o dont remember correctly |
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Theory of Mind
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peoples ideas about their own and others mental states
about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts ability to take anothers perspective |
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accomodation
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as we interact with world, we adjust (accomodate) our current understandings to incorporate new information
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assimilation
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we interpret our new experiences in terms of our current understandings
ex: simple understanding of cow, toddler calls all 4 legged animals cow |
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sensorimotor stage
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birth to 2
experience world through senses/actions gain object permanence |
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object permanence
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awareness that things still exist when not percieved
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preoperational stage
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from 2 to 7
child learns to use language, is imaginative not understanding logic egocentrism/no conservation |
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egocentrism
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preoperational charactertic
cant take another persons viewpoint ie: what does sally think ? IDK |
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conservation
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properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same even when container changes
ex: milk poured into different glass, tall glass has more |
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Theory of Mind
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peoples ideas about their own and others mental states
about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts ability to take anothers perspective |
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Autism
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disorder marked by
trouble relating to others self absorbtion communication trouble emotional blindness delayed language impaired social response |
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mind blindness
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inability to develop theory of mind
cannot imagine what another person might be thinking |
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concrete operational stage
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7 to 11
children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically understand conservation, math transformations (12-4=8 is same as 8+4=12) Must be CONCRETE, can only relate to their actual experience |
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formal operational stage
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12ish to adult
can start thinking logically about abstract concepts can start solving hypothetical propositions such as 4x=12 |
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stranger anxiety
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ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar, maybe threatening
starts around 8 months |
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attachment
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emotional tie with another person
shown in young children by seek closeness to caregiver & showing distress when they leave |
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critical period
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optimal period right after birth
certain events must take place to facilitate proper development Ex: ducks first see mom, follow her only |
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imprinting
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process where certain animals form attachments during critical period very early in life
Not humans. works for ducks |
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basic trust
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erik erikson said :
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with caregivers trust vs mistrust |
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deprivation of attachment
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often withdrawn, frightened or even speechless
unloved become the unloving can become abusive and aggressive depression |
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Day care
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high quality daycare causes no damage
increased thinking/language but also aggressiveness and defiance |
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self concept
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understanding and evaluation of who we are
starts very young ex: red dot on face, 18month old reaches to touch face |
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Authoritarian parenting
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impose rules, expect obedience
little love, lots of discipline |
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Permissive parenting
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submit to kids desires. make few demands
lots of love, little discipline |
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Authoritative parenting
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both demanding and loving
exert control but explain reasons love and discpline open discussion |
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primary sex characteristics
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body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
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secondary sex characteristics
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non-reproductive sexual traits (boobs,hips,male voice,bodyhair)
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menarche
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girls first period
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Boys early/late maturity
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early tends to be positive
late tends to be negative |
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Girls early/late maturity
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early maturity tends to be negative
late maturity is initially negative, but over time can be positive |
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Moral feeling
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gut feelings that drive our moral judgments
feel disgust at degrading acts, happiness at kindness |
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moral action
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as thinking matures, nehavior becomes less selfish and more caring
moral action is actually doing good, as opposed to feeling and and thinking morally |
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trust vs mistrust
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infancy to 1 year
if needs are dependably met, infants develop trust if not, mistrust the world |
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autonomy vs self doubt
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1 to 3 years
either become confident and secure in abilities or insecure about themselves and over dependant |
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initiative vs guilt
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3 to 6 years
learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about their efforts |
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industry vs inferiority
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6 years to puberty
become confident in ability to achieve goals or feel inferior to others |
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identity vs role confusion
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teen years to 20s
form identity or become confused about self |
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intimacy vs isolation
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20s to early 40s
seek to form close relationships/intimate love or feel socially isolated |
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generativity vs stagnation
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40s to 60s
discover sense of contributing to world or feel lack of purpose |
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ego integrity vs despair
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late 60s and up
older adult feels sense of satisfaction or failure in life |
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social identity
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the part of "Who Am I?" that comes from group memberships
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identity diffusion
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adolescent doesnt seem to know or care what their identity is
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identity foreclosure
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premature identity formation
adolescent adopts parents or societys roles no questions asked |
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identity moratorium
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socially aceptable way for adolescents to postpone identity achievments
ex: going to college |
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identity achievement
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attainment of identity
point where person understands themselves as unique individual |
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emerging adulthood
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period from late teens to early twneties
bridging gap between adolescent dependence and full independence/adulthood |
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menopause
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natural stop of womans period
ability to reproduce declines |
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life expectancy
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Life expectancy going up
worldwide average 67, 80 and beyond in some countries males more prone to dying than female |
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sensory abilities
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visual sharpness decreases
sense of smell and hearing decrease all drop drastically after age 70 |
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dementia
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mental erosion of loss of brain cells
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Alzheimers disease
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memory deteriorates, then reasoning
lose sense of smell, lose items person becomes emotionally flat, then disoriented then incontenent and mentally vacant |
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acetylcholine
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deprived of this neurotransmitter, memory and thinking suffer
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cross sectional studies
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people of different ages are compared with one another
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longitudinal studies
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same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time
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crystallized intelligence
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accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
increases with age |
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fluid intelligence
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ability to reason speedily and abstractly
decrease during late adulthood |
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social clock
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culturally preferred timing of social events
ie: marriage, parenthood, retirement |
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life events
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leaving home, getting job, marrying, having children, retiring
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marriage
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married couples more often endure
9/10 marry, is a predictor of happiness different types of marriage |
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cohabitation
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higher rates of divorce and marital trouble than those who didnt
-less likelyto be committed |
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well-being
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positive feelings grow after 65
feelings mellow. overall happy |
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death & dying
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loss of a spouse is most difficult
5 times more women than men sudden loss is especially severe different ways of coping |
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dispositional attributions
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ex: a childs hostility reflects an aggressive personality
attribute behavior to personality |
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situational attributions
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ex: a childs hostility is a reaction to stress or abuse
attribute behavior to situation |
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fundamental attribution error
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tendency to underestimate impact of situation and overestimate impact of personality
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effects of attributions
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consequences exist
make attributions carefully |
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central route persuasion
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when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
best when people are naturally analytical or involved already |
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peripheral route persuasion
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when people are influenced by incidental cues such as endorsements by respected people
snap judgments, not lasting |
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Attitudes Affect Action
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how we think and feel about things influence our actions
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Actions Affect Attitudes
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people will come to believe the idea they have supported
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foot in the door phenomenon
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tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to then agree to a larger one
to get people to agree to something big, start small |
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Role Playing Affects attitudes
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first start marriage it might feel like playing house, but eventually
what began as role playing becomes Real |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
ex: when attitudes and actions clash, reduce dissonance by changing attitudes |
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conformity
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adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Asch study
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given a line, which one matches A B or C?
You know correct answer, but others disagree. What to do? 75% went along with group atleast once, even if answer wrong 80% went along with the group every time |
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normative influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
influence because we want tto avoid rejection or gain approval |
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informative influence
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influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality
influence because we are learning from others |
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Milgram obedience study
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assessed whether people will obey authority
delivered series of painful "shocks" on command of authority figure |
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Affects on obedience
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-person is legitimate authority
-supported by institution -victim distanced or depersonalized -fast paced commands |
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social facilitation
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better outcome on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
not true for tougher tasks |
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social loafing
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tendency for people ina group to exert less effort when combining efforts
ex: less effort on group final project than individual final project |
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deindividuaition
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loss of self-awareness and self-restraint
occurs in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (KKK meeting) |
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group polarization
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enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations thorugh discussion
ex:sorority girl more conservative, political gap widens through college |
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groupthink
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mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides consideration of alternatives
ex: kennedy campaign had great morale, so everyone went along with his excitememnt about invading cuba |
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minority influence
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the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
ex: Gandhi. |
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prejudice
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unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
involves stereotype, negative feelings |
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discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group and its members
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automatic prejudices
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unthinking, knee jerk response as opposed to decision
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implicit prejudices
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unconscious prejudices, out of our conscience thought
Difficulty associating positive words with African names |
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outgroup homogeneity
other race effect |
tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than other races
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Social identity theory
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people strive to have positive self image
self image depends on their impression of their ingroups people want to hold positive image of ingroups |
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realistic group conflict
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economic based theory - occurs when 2 groups in conflict over resources
competition produces ingroup bias; hostility against outgroup ex: immigration battles |
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frustration aggression hypothesis
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blocked goals lead to frustration
frustration leads to the desire to aggress against what is blocking |
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scapegoat theory
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prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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ingroup biases
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tendency to favor own group
distribute more goods to ingroup |
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Sherif's Robber Cave studies
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competition influenced Intergroup relations by
raised in-group bias attitudes towards outgroup became more negative influenced intragroup relations -increased group solidarity -aggressive people are leaders |
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just world phenomenon
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people believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve/deserve what they get
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genetic influences on aggression
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twin studies show that both have violent temper
fraternal twins not |
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neural influences on aggression
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electrodes implanted in brain can stop aggression or create it
neurological disorders might cause violence |
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biochemical influences on aggression
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hormones can cause aggression
alcohol can cause aggression other drugs also |
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aversive events and aggression
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frustration, physical pain, insults, bad smells, hot temperature
ALL can evoke aggression |
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learning aggression
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reaction more likely aggressive when experience has taught that violence pays
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Models of aggression
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parents
tv violence pornography |
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Rape myth
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iidea that some women invite or enjoy rape
actually get swept away while being "taken" |
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Social scripts in aggression
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mental tapes for how to act, provided by culture
find self in new situation, refer to social script many in media today show violence or sexual violence |
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video games and violence
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playing violent video games increases violent thoughts
expressing anger breeds more anger -children rewarded for aggression -identify with violent character -rehearse violence -arousal increased |
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Similarity
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We like people like us
When lovers love many things together, not just eachother, it works better |
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Proximity
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We like people near us
-availability -mere exposure |
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mere exposure effect
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phenomenon that repeated exposure to new people increases liking of them
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physical attraction
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couples tend to match in attractiveness
when unequal, one has more to give somewhere else |
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What is attractive?
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-symmetry
-average -36-26-36 waist to hip ratio |
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matching hypothesis
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couples match in terms of attractiveness
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reciprocity
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people will help not hurt those that have helped them
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Sternbergs Triangle of Love
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Intimacy
Passion Commitment -dont need all three, but its better -can change through time |
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passionate love
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aroused state of intense positive absorbtion in another
usually at beginning of relationship |
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companionate love
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deep affectionate attachment for those whom are lives are intertwined
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equity
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condition where people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
give and receive freely |
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self disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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bystander effect
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tendency for bystander to be less likely to help if other bystanders present
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social exchange theory
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social behavior is an exchange process
aim to maximize benefits, minimize cost (think about giving blood. weigh pros and cons, will help if i gain) |
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social responsibility norm
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expectation that people will help those dependent on them
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mirror image perceptions
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mutual views held by conflicting people
when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful but views otherside as evil and aggressive |
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contact with enemy
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helps in some situations, but is not always enough
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superordinate goals
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shared goals that override differences among people
require cooperation |
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GRIT
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
designed to decrease international tensions |
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conciliation
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allows both parties to begin edging down tension ladder
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