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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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developmental psychology
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studies the changes in physical and psychological functioning that happen over the lifespan
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cross sectional designs
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various individuals of different ages tested once
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longitudinal designs
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the same individuals tested numerous times across their lifespans
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prenatal
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conception to birth
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zygote
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fertilized egg
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blastocyst
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inner cells
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trophobst
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nutrition
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teratogens
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harmful agents
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infancy
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0 to 18 months
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childhood
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18 months to 11 years
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adolescence
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11 years to 20 years
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maturation
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age related physical and behavior changes characteristic of a species raised in the normal habitat
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puberty
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attainment of sexual maturity
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adulthood
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40+ years
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menopause
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50+ years
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cognitive development
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development of the processes involved in knowing, thinking, and reasoning
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Jean Piaget
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comprehensive theory of how kids understanding of the world changes as they mature
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schemes
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actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
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assimilation
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using existing schemes to deal with new info
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accommodation
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adjusting schemes to fit new info
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Sensorimotor stage
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0-2 coordinates sensory experiences with motor actions; lack of object permanance
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Preoperational Stage
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2-7 representing things with words and images
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egocentrism
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reversible mental operations (two sides of the card)
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Concrete Operational stage
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7-11 reasoning logically about real events; poor abstract reasoning
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Formal Operational Stage 11+
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reasoning abstractedly and hypothetically; what would happen if we didn't have thumbs
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social development
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the ways in which people interact socially, and expect socially, and needs change during their life
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attachment
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close emotional tie between infants and the care givers
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imprinting
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instinctive learning within a critical period
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Strange Situation Test
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procedure where infants are separated from and reunited with their PCG
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motivation
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the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaing physical and psychological activities
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motivation links biology and behavior
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when we are hungry, hunger motivates us to eat
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motivation explains behavior variability
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two athletes with equal ability but one out preforms the other
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motivation assigns responsibility
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purposely hurting someone
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motivation explains perserverance
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those who finish first vs. last in a race
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motivation helps infer internal states
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if professor randomly started laughing
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instincts
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preprogrammed tendencies leading to fixed action patterns (salmon swim upstream)
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drives
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desire to obtain physiological rewards (food, water, warmth)
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incentives
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desire to obtain non-physiological rewards (fun, excitement)
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cognitions
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behavior can be prompted by our thoughts
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Hierarchy of Needs
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pyramid that ranks things based on how much we need them
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Hierarchy of Needs in order
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Self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety, physiological
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anorexia
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refusal to maintain a minimal normal weight
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bulimia
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recurrent episodes of binge eating
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stages of sexual arousal
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excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
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personality
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the unique psychological qualities of people that influence their behavior
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Type theories
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classifying individuals as belonging to different groups (Fiji, gala, red delicious)
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Trait theories
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classifying using dimensions along which they differ (color, shape, size)
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Allport
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classified according to intensity and range of influence (cardinal, central, and secondary_
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cardinal
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overriding passions
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central
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outstanding characteristics
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secondary
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minor characteristics
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Catell
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found 16 source traits
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Costa and McCrae
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combing source traits into the Big 5
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Big 5
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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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openness
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curious - uninquisitive
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conscientiousness
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disciplined - negligent
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extraversion
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outgoing - reserved
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agreeablesness
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kind - ruthless
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neuroticism
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anxious - calm
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Eysenck
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created the Giant 3
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Giant 3
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Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
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psychodynamic accounts
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offer an account of the structure and growth of personality
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humanistic approach
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personality arises from using unique abilities to satisfy needs
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behavioral approach
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learning and performance of personality is determined by imitation, rewards, and punishments
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cognitive approach
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personality is determined by the way we think of others
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Cognitive-behavioral
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personality is determined by thoughts and rewards and punishments
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self
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anything associated with our identity
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