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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Puberty
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The time betwn the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. usually lasts three to five years.
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Menarche
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A girl's first menstrual period, signalling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is possible, but ovulation is often irregular for years after menarche
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Spermarche
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a boy's first ejaculation of sperm. erictions can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. It occurs during sleep or by stimulation
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hormone
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organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function. Various hormones influence thoughts, urges, emotions, and behavior
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pituitary
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a gland in the brean that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands
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adrenal glands
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2 glands, located above the kidneys. they produce hormones including the stress hormone
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HPA axis
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the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, a route followed by many kinds of hormones to trigger the changes of puberty and to regulate stress, growth, sleep, appetite, sexual excitement, and various other bodily changes
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gonads
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paired sex glands that produce hormones nad gametes
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estradiol
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a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more than males
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testosterone
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a sex hormone. the best known of the androgens secreted in far greater amounts in males than females
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Secular trend
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refers to the earlier and greater growth of children due to improved nutrition and medical care over the lasxt two centries
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growth spurt
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sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Weight usually precedes height, and the limbs precede the torso
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Primary Sex characteristics
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the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction. Eg: vagina, uterus, overies, testicles, penis
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secondary sex characteristics
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physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts
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STI
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Sexually transmitted infection. a disease spread by sexual contact, including syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, HIV
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child sexual abuse
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any erotic activity that arouses and adult and exciteds, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and wherther or not genital contact is involved.
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Generational forgetting
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the idea that each new generation fogets what the previous generation leaned about harmful drugs
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Adolescent egocentrism
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adolescents focus on themselves to the exclusion of others. ex: their thoughts, feelings, experiences are more wonderful or awful that anyone elses
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invincibility fable
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cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or speeding
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imaginary audience
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the other people who, to the adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching, and taking note of, his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. this belief makes many teens very self conscious
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formal operational thought
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in piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of congnitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas
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hypothetical thought
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Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities taht may not reflect reality
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning from a gerneral statement, premis, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics
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inductive reasoning
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reasoing from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less congnititvely advanced than deduction (bottom - up reasoning)
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dual-process model
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the notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli
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intuitive thought
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thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation. Past experiences cltural assumptions, and sudden impulses are the precursors of intuitive thought
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analytic thought
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thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequesnces, possibilities and facts. Depends on logic and rationality
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sunk cost fallacy
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the belief taht if time or moeny has already been invested in something, then more time or moeny should be invested. Because of this fallacy, people spend money trying to fix a "lemon" of a car or sending more troops to fight for a losing cause
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secondary education
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literally the period after primary education and before tertiary education. It usually occurs from about 12-18.
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high-stakes test
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an evaluation that is critical in determining succes s or failure. if a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted, that is a high-stakes test
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identity
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consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations
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identity versus diffusion
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Erikson- 5th stage
'who am i" confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt |
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identity achievement
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erikson
attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans |
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identity diffusion
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a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
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foreclosure
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erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis
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moratorium
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a way for adolescents to postpone making identity achievement choices by finding an accepted way to avoid identity achievement. going to college is most common example
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gender identity
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a person's acceptance of the roles and hehaviour that society associates with the biolgical categories of male and female
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crowd
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large group of teens who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends
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deviancy training
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destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms
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comorbity
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a situation in which two or more unrelated illnesses or disorders occur at the same time
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clinical depression
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feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last 2 wks or more
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rumination
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repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression
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suicidal ideation
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thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or congnitive overtones
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parasuicide
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any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death
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cluster suicides
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several suicides commited by members of a group w/in a brief period of time
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incidence
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how often a particular behavior or circumstance occurs
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prevalence
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how widespread w/in a population a particular behavior or circumstance is
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life-course persistent offender
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a person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal
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adolescence-limited offender
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a person whose crimal activity stops by 21
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senescence
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process of aging , whereby the body becomes less strong and effieciant
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homeostasis
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the adjustment of all the body's systems to keep physiological functions in a stae of equilibrium.
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organ reserve
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the capacity of organs to allow the body to compe with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability
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body mass index
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teh ratio of a person's weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meters squared
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set point
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a particular body weight that an indevidual's homeostatic processes strive to maintain
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edgework
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occupations of recreational activities that involve a degree of risk or danger. The prospect of living on the edge makes edgework compellig to some
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extreme sports
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have apparent risk of injury or death and that are attractive and thrilling as a result
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drug abuse
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the ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the users biological or psychological well-being
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drug addiction
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a condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug in the individuals system produces a drive- physiological, psychological, or both - to ingest more of the drug
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delay discounting
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the tendency to undervalue, or downright ignore, future consequences and rewards in favor of more immediate gratification
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social norms approach
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a method of reducing risky behavior that uses emerging adults desire to follow social norms by making them aware, thru the use of surveys, of the prevalence of various behaviors w/in their preer group
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postformal thought
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a proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following piaget's four stages, that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical
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subjective thought
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thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions, and goals for the future
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objective thought
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thinking that is not influenced by the thinkers personal qualities, but involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid
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stereotype threat
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the possibility taht one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified prejudiced attitudes
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the threat of bias
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the possibility that ones if students fear that others expect them to do poorly in school because of their ethnicity or gender, they may nto identify with academic achievement and do worse on exams than they otherwise would have
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dialectical thought
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the most advaced cognitive process, characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simulataneousl and thus to arrive at a synthesis. Makes possible and ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibiliteies and limitations
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thesis
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a proposition or statement of belief taht opposes the thesis; the second stage of the process of dialectical thinking
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antithesis
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a proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis; the second stage of the process of dialectical thinking
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synthesis
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a new idea that integrates teh thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth,; the third stage of the process of dialectical thinking
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morality of care
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in gilligans view, moral principles that reflect the tendency of females to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms because they are socialized to be nurturant, compassionate, and nonjudgmental
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Defining Issues test
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DIT- a series of questions developed by james rest and designed to assess respondents level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas
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intimacy vs isolation
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6t stage of erikson
seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation |
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gateways to attraction
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the various qualities, such as appearances and proximity, that are prerequisites for the formation of close friendships and intimate relationships
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exclusion criteria
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a person's reasons for omitting certain people from consideration as close friends or romantic partners. exclusioni criteria vary from one individual to another, but they are strong filters
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homogamy
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defined by developmentalists as marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interest, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background,and local origin
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heterogamy
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defined by developmentalists as marriage btwn individuals who tend to be dissimilar withrespect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, socoionomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
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social homogamy
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the similarity of a couples leisure intersest and role preferences
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social exchange theory
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the view that social behavior is a process of exchange aimed at maximizing the benefits one receives and minimizing the costs one pays
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common couple violence
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a form of abuse in which one or both parners of a coupld engage in outbursts of verbal and physical attack
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intimate terrorism
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spouse abuse in which, the husband uses violence of accelerating intensity to isolate, degrade, and punish the wife
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