Psych 351 (Midterm 2) Week 6 Lec 2

Front 1

What is the age of early childhood?

Back 1

3 to 5

(preschool age)

Front 2

What is the age of middle childhood?

Back 2

5 to 12

elementary school

Front 3

What does the marshmellow task look at?

Back 3

the ability to delay gratification

(the abiility to delay gratification is a form of emotional regulation)

Front 4

When does the ability to delay gratification develop?

Back 4

it begins in early childhood, and gets better in middle childhood

Front 5

What does the christmas gift video show?

Back 5

a child's ability to feign delight in middle childhood

ability to express emotions that they are not actually feeling subejctively

Front 6

What is the emotional regulation?

Back 6

The ability to modulate the form, intensity, and duration of emotions according to situational demands

Front 7

What are 3 different types of emotion regulation?

Back 7

- delaying gratification

- feigning delight

- display rules

Front 8

What is delaying gratification?

Back 8

when kids inhibit their intense emotions in order to achieve a goal

Front 9

What are display rules?

Back 9

cultural and social guidelines for expressing emotions

Front 10

Describe a study where children demonstrate their understanding of display rules in middle childhood

Back 10

The children were shown vignettes of either a teacher or peer doing something that was not hostile, hostile, or ambiguous

Front 11

What were the results of the study?

Back 11

The children interpreted the kid's actions to be hostile more often than the teachers.

The children stated that they would feel more emotion in response to the child than to the teacher

despite reporting that they would feel the same amount of anger, boys reported that they would express their anger more than the girls

the older children showed a more differentiated response in line with the display rules, which shows that kids internalize and get a better understanding of display rules as they grow older. (display rules for situations with teachers, but not with peers became more apparent at an older age)

Front 12

Describe a study that shows the cultural differences of display rules

Back 12

compared two remote villages

each group of children completed the Challenging Situations Test

Front 13

What was the prediction?

Back 13

Both cultures value interdependence however the Tamang group focuses on avoiding strong emotions, and the Chhetri-Brahmin group focuses on self awareness and emotional discipline

so they predicted that the kids in the Chhetri-Brahmin group would engage in more emotional regulation strategies to reduce their expression of negative emotions

Front 14

How does the Challenging Situations Test work?

Back 14

Children are presented stories about situations that are sad, upsetting etc.

and the child is asked to report how the situation would make them feel, whether they would express emotions in that situation and if whether they would engage in emotion regualtion strategies

Front 15

What were the result?

Back 15

The kids in the Chetri-Brahmen group reported more often that they would engage in strategies to self-regulate their negative emotions, compared to the kids in the other groups

the chetri brahmen group were more likely to mask their emotions

Front 16

What does this study show?

Back 16

that there are cultural difference in display rules, and these differences in display rules influence the child's emotional development and emotional regulation skills

this study also shows that these 6 to 9 year old kids had internalized and were using these display rules

kids start using display rules in middle childhood

Front 17

Conclusion of early and middle childhood:

Back 17

children experience and can express many different emtions and they can also do strategies to regulate and modifiy their expression of emotions in certain situations

Front 18

What are some new contexts that children have in early and mid childhood?

Back 18

- school

- peers

- play

Front 19

What is the definition of play?

Back 19

A behaviour where the process in more important than the outcome of the action.

the means of the behaviour is more important than the ends

and the behaviour appears to have no apparent function

Front 20

What are the 3 types of play and describe each:

Back 20

- object play (ex: playing with dolls)

- social play (playing imaginary with friends)

- physical play (Ex; on a swing, rough play with peer)

Front 21

What is one evolutionary function of play?

Back 21

-creativity and figuring out novel solutions to problems

Front 22

what is the relationship between innovation and play?

Back 22

innovation is seen more often in the young rather than the old members of a population across species

play is also seen more often in the young rather than the old membres of a population, including kids

so it is theorized that play is important because it fosters innovation

Front 23

Describe an observational study that shows that juveniles in a species are more innovative than the older members?

Back 23

experimenters placed potatoes near the monkeys, nobody knew what to do with them until the younger kids started to take the potatoes to the salt water to wash off the dirt and then eat then, eventually the older women in the community started to do that to

Front 24

so evolutionary function of play:

Back 24

reinforce creativity and be flexible in finding adaptive solutions to problems (be innovative)

Front 25

What are the 2 theories of the function of play?

Back 25

1) the function of play is to prepare the young ones for their adult roles in society, it develops social, cognitive and motor skills

2) the function of play is immediate. it fosters self-efficacy and mastery in the individual which encourages him to play more and try new things, which allows him to find something that he is interested in, and get better at that thing and develop those skills

(beneficial later in development

beneficial immediately)

Front 26

What is another theory of the purpose of play?

Back 26

It socializes children into their gender roles, it makes gender differences more pronounced, and socializes them to their gender role so that they are prepared to adopt their adult gender roles in society.

ex: boys prefer rough and touble play so they play together, and girls prefer maternal play, so there is a seperation of boy and girl play in middle childhood

Front 27

What skills do kids need in order to be successful in school?

Back 27

academic skills, but also cogntiive and emotional skills like motivation and delaying gratifiation

Front 28

What are child characteristics associated with school success:

Back 28

- low temperamental distractibility

- temperamental positive moods and moderate intensity

- perceived control over learning

- social skills

Front 29

what do teachers rate as the skill most important for school readiness?

Back 29

able to communicate needs, wants and thoughts

and then be enthusiastic and curious

Front 30

What is emotionality?

Back 30

it is a subtype of temperament

it is general disposition to experience relatively high or low reactivity

and approach withdrawal tendencies!

Front 31

What can emotionality do in the school context?

Back 31

- it can increase motivational learning

- it can facilitate goal directed behaviour

- it can focus selective attention

Front 32

What are positive aspects of peer relationship?

there are 6

Back 32

- enhances self-worth

- opportunities for intimacy and affection

- provides instrumental aid

- opportunities for nurturing behaviour

- promotes sense of reliable alliance

- provides companionship

Front 33

What are negative aspects of peer relationships?

Back 33

opportunities for bullying

opportunities for victimization

Front 34

what is the underlying theme/concern in

early childhood

middle childhood

Back 34

- maximize positive emotions through play

- peer inclusion, avoid rejection, self-presentation

Front 35

What is the salient conversational topic in friendship

early childhood

middle childhood

Back 35

- play coordination, and conflict resolution

- gossip with negative evaluation of peers

Front 36

Emotional development

early childhood

middle childhood

Back 36

early - manage arousal in social interactions

middle - acquire display rules with respect to interpersonal interactions

Front 37

gender differences of emotion become more apparent in middle childhood

Back 37

truee

Front 38

Describe a study that shows a different in the emotional regulation and expression of emotions between geneders, that is influenced by display rules

Back 38

in an experiment, the participant played a game with confederate child. the participant is rigged to loose, when they lose the confederate makes provokative comments, the child's reactions and emotional expression and subjective expeirience is recorded

Front 39

what were the results of the study:

Back 39

the girls were more likely to experience sadness as a result of the comments, and they made for sad verbalizations

the boys were more likely to experience anger as a result of the comments and they made more angry verbalizations

and these gender differencs were the same across the ages!!

Front 40

Girls are more likely to display what types of emotions;

Back 40

- emotions that will take into account social relationships in some way (ex: sadness elicits social support from others)

and that increase the social relatioonship

Front 41

and boys

Back 41

they are more likely to to diplsay emotions that weaken the social relatioonship