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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Who is Frans Gull?

He invented phrenology

What is phrenology?

It was a pseudoscience used along time ago - they believed that you could study a person's personality by exmaining the types of bumps and sizes of his skull





What part of the phrenology practise still holds today?

The idea of correlating a behaviour to a brain structure/function




the idea of localization

Before newer research methods were invented what research methods were used in the past for psychology?

- case study (ex: Phinius Cage)



- Autopsies (they would take a history report of the individual while he was alive and then examine his brain when dead)


What are newer better models for research methods used in psychology now?

- Neuropsychological testing


- EEG


- MRI


- fMRI

What is neuropsychological testing?

the idea is that you can measure people's behaviours and those can indicate undelrying cognitive functions, which indicates how well or how poorly different parts of the brain are fucntioning



You ask the person to complete certain tasks, and then you assess their performance on these tasks



the assumption is that the behaviour invovled in the task is influenced by certain brain regions and functions and so if your performance is impaired on that task it points toward the respective brain region being impaired



What is an example of a neuropsychological test?

The Stroop Task - it measures the cognitive function of information processing

How does the Electroencephalography (EEG) work?

Put electrodes on the person<s scalp, and these will pick up on changes in electrical activity in the brain over time




ex: you can get the participant to engage in a task and measure how the electrical activity of the brain changes at each point in the task

What is the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

It creates a structural image of the brain




It can also measure just a specific substance and the location of it within the brian, ex: grey matter

What is fMRI?

It shows brain functioning over time




the machine picks up on which brain areas have the most blood, blood goes to the active areas of the brain and so you can know which areas of the brain are the most active at specific points in time

What part of the brain is responsible for emotions?

there is no single part of the brain that is responsible for emotions! There are many systems ansd structures that interact together

Emotions involves a lot of diverse processes such as:

perception, memories, motor movements, cognition

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal


What role does the limbic system play in emotions?

The unconscious processing of emotions




The aspects of emotion that are not in cognitive awareness

What important structures make up the limbic system?

Hypothalamus

Amygdala


Thalamus


Hippocampus



Function of the amygdala:

Emotional learning (it attaches emotional significance to everything in our environment)




fear response

Function of the hippocampus:

Memories (contextual/relational info)



Function of thalamus:

It receives all of the sensory information from the body and sends it to the appropriate places in the cortex




Relay system

Function of hypothalamus:

It activates the endocrine system to release hormones into the bloodstream




quick processing - it plays a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system

What importance does the prefrontal cortex play in emotions?

It processes emotions consciously

What three areas are important in the prefrontal cortex for processing emotions?

- Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)




- Dorso-lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)




- Orbitofrontal cortex

Draw a picture of the locations of these areas on a brain

yayyy

What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

- working memory


- conscious control of behaviour


- goal directed behaviour (approach, withdraw)




- it is the last brain area to develop


- there are neurons that connect it to each part of the brain

Role of the orbitofrontal cortex:

- inhibition


- reinforcement




(it helps you learn and pick up on contingencies in your environment, and update the changing contingencies) it helps you learn the contingencies between things that will lead to negative outcomes and things that will lead to positive outcomes.. it also helps you be aware of the changes in these contingencies over time

Role of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex:

- it works with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex


- response selection (it chooses what response to perform out of the options in the working memory)


- error monitoring

the ___ hemisphere plays an important role for positive emotions

LEFT hemisphere

The ____ hemisphere plays an important role for negative emotions

RIGHT hemisphere




(ex: study where healthy participants had an EEG on them, while they watched happy/sad video clips)

What happens to emotions when there is damage to the left hemisphere?

Catastrophic reaction:




tearful


emotionally volatile


sad moods

What happens to emotions when there is damage to the right hemisphere?

Euphoric-indifferent reaction:




- inappropriately happy


- laughter prone


- lack of awareness about the impairment

What is cool cognition?

This is cognition coming from the top part of the brain. it is calculating and conscious and influences emotions

What is hot cognition?

It is cognition coming from the bottom part of the brain. It is impulsive

Draw an image of the brain with Dorsal/ventral, and hot/cold cognition

wohoo

What are basic emotion circuits?

They are response patterns that are also seen in other animals




It is primitive, prepackaged, stimulus bound response patterns

Give examples of basic emotion circuits:

anger, fear, desire, caring

What is vertical integration?

it is the integration of sensory information from the brain stem, to the hypothalamus, to the limbic system, to the cortex, and then all the way back down each level in our to determine our behaviour




integration of hot cognition and cool cognition

What are the 3 emotion systems in the brain?

- Motivated object evaluation loop




- Motivated monitoring loop




- Motivated action loop

Motivated object evaluation loop:

It motivates you to pay attention to a threat in your environment (attention and evaluation)

The brain regions involved in the motivated object evaluation loop:

Amygdala


Sensory Cortex


Orbitofrontal cortex


Basal Forebrain

The motivated monitoring loop

Helps you detect where you think threats would be in your environment (looking in/ monitoring the right places based on past experiences)





Brain regions involved in the motivated monitoring loop:

Amygdala


Orbitofrontal Cortex


Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex


Anterior cingulate cortex


Hippocampus




Basal Forebrain

The Motivated action loop:

What can I do about the situation




how should I respond

Brain regions involved in the motivated action loop:

Orbitofrontal cortex


Amygdala


thalamus




Ventral pallidum


Nucleus accumbens


ventral tegmental area

These 3 loops help us explain why when we encounter something emotional we are motivated to act on it

Our emotional appraisals and responses are always working together through these three systems

Subcortical:

not in conscious awareness

Cortical:

In conscious awareness