Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some major infleunces on the increase in partnered sex? (3) |
1. Widespread contraceptives 2. Woman's rights movements 3. Gay rights movements |
|
|
What are some characteristics of being a good sexual partner? (4) Why is being a selfish lover often correlated with more sexual satisfaction for the partner? |
1. Non-judgemental 2. Secure with sexuality - free from embarassment 3. Paying more attention to own needs than partner's 4. Willing to push boundaries
Correlated with more confidence and sexual security Showing pleasure increases partner's feelings of desirability and skill |
|
|
What are 3 ways to have good sex as stated by Savage Love? |
1. GGG - good, generous, game Pleasurable, reciprocal, willing to take risks 2. Campsite rule - leaving partner's as good as, or better, than found 3. 3R's - right person, right reason, right circumstance |
|
|
Characteristics of casual sex (3) vs. long-term sex (3) |
1. Novel experience 2. Feeling of conquest 3. Excitement
1. Trust; safety 2. Willing to take risks 3. Learning with each other |
|
|
Reasons why men initiate more than women (3). Potential problem resulting from imbalance |
1. Higher sexual drive/desire in men 2. Historical rules and social pressures on women - wanting sex is seen as immoral 3. Women's sexual arousal is not as spontaneous - very context dependant
Constant rejection can lead to resentment if only one person is initiating each time |
|
|
Biggest difference between sexual orientations in type of behaviour |
Heterosexual men - significantly less anal recieving Homosexual men - significantly more anal receiving and giving |
|
|
What is foreplay? What are sex differences in preference for foreplay length |
Behaviour meant to increase arousal as a prelude to "main event"
No sex difference in preference |
|
|
Sex differences in preference for oral sex Prevalence rate shift over time |
Men like receiving and giving more than women
Significant increase over the last 50 to 60 years |
|
|
What are the factors that are controlled by sex position? (3) |
1. Level of intimacy - influenced by eye contact 2. Freedom of hands during penetration 3. Controlling depth and speed of penetration |
|
|
Ways to have anal sex (3) How have prevalence rates changed over time? Why is it the riskiest type? (3) |
1. Manual stimulation 2. Analingus 3. Anal penetration
About the same as 50 years ago, increasing over time
1. Bacteria exclusive to the GI tract 2. Thin wall membrane - easily torn/chaffed; easier to get STI 3. Not self-lubricating - can be very painful if not enough lube |
|
|
Why is homosexual sex often more open to exploration? What are some myths about homosexual sex? (2) |
Not restricted by traditional gender roles
1. All gay men like anal sex 2. All gay women dislike penetration |
|
|
What are some examples of pushing sexual boundaries? (4) |
1. BDSM 2. Pegging 3. Threesomes 4. Role-playing |
|
|
Average frequency and duration of sex for married-couple |
1-2 times a week 15 minutes to an hour 2-7 minutes of penetration |
|
|
Sex differences in terms of preference for frequency and duration (7) |
1. Men report longer ideal length than women, both report longer than what theyre getting 2. Women value emotional closeness more than men 3. Men want more sex than women in general; both genders report wanting more sex 4. Men more likely to want more than one partner than women 5. Women more likely to be judged negatively for casual sex, multiple partners, high sex drive 6. Ideal duration of foreplay equal between men and women, most believe women prefer more 7. Women prefer more time, more variety, more emphasis on general contact |
|
|
Tribadism |
Two women stimulating each other's vulvas using thrusting motions |
|
|
What is the cultural prevalence of fellatio? What are some drawbacks to 69? (2) |
Very popular in Western culture, not popular anywhere else Sambia - ritualistic swallowing by young boys as a rite of passage
1. Focussing on partner may divert some of the pleasure away from the experience 2. Fellator's tongue does not hit the frenulum - less experienced pleasure |
|
|
Advantages (2) and disadvantages (3) of penetrator on top |
1. Allows eye contact 2. Back of penis presses against vaginal wall - lots of stimulation for man
1. Movement of hands restricted for both man and woman 2. Woman has no control over speed or depth of penetration 3. Front of vaginal wall not stimulated - no chance for G-spot orgasm |
|
|
Advantages (3) and disadvantages (1) of woman on top position. What are the different ways this is performed? (3) |
1. Woman has significant control over speed and depth as she generates the thrusting 2. Hands of both partners free to roam 3. Less stimulation for man - allows for better ejaculatory control
1. Less stimulation for man
1. Face-to-face - greatest intimacy due to eye contact 2. Sitting upright - easiest way to generate thrust 3. Facing away - allows for deeper penetration |
|
|
Advantages (3) and disadvantages (3) of side-by-side (spoon) |
1. Allows free roam of hands from either partner 2. Good for prolonging experience or to reduce energy expenditure - much slower due to not being aided by gravity 3. Most comfortable position for pregnant women
1. Shallow penetration 2. Limbs trapped under body may go numb 3. Penis easily dislodged from vagina |
|
|
Advantages (3) and disadvantages (1) of rear entry |
1. Allows free roam of hands by either partner 2. Strong contact with front of vaginal wall 3. Allows for deeper penetration
1. No eye contact |
|
|
Reasons for performing anal sex (3) Best kind of lubricant, why Pleasure points for penetrator and penetratee |
1. Avoid pregnancy 2. Anus tighter than vagina, greater pleasure for the man 3. Variety
Water-based. Oil and silicon too difficult to clean up. Spermicides can damage rectal tissue
Direct simulation of penis for penetrator Stimulation of prostate gland or general friction of skin for penetratee |
|
|
Historical background of strap-ons Material they are made of Things to be aware of during use (2) |
Widespread throughout history - Azande tribe in Sudan used food as strap-on
Silicone best for flexibility and ease of cleaning
1. Can spread STIs 2. Usually needs lubricant |
|
|
Characteristics of enjoyable sex (7) |
1. Authenticity 2. Being present and focused 3. Connection - blurring of identities 4. Good communication 5. Transcendence, bliss 6. Vulnerability 7. Risk-taking, exploration |
|
|
Cultural differences in attitudes towards sex America, Aka, South Africa |
America - undergoing a shift from sex negativity to positivity; online resources present, better sex ed
Extremely high frequency of sex. Seminal nurture - repeated semen infusions help fetus grow properly Masturbation and homosexuality unheard of
Dry sex valued more than wet sex Very tight and abrasive - pleasurable for uncircumsized men, very painful for women |
|
|
Key elements of Vatsyayana's Kama Sutra (6) |
1. Love seen as key element of life - includes sex 2. Genital sizes given value - enlargement techniques included 3. Fellatio and some cunnilingus descibed, almost no anal sex 4. Sex between men only for eunuchs, between women only when no man available in harem - homosexuality not a stable orientation 5. Foreplay and coital techniques 6. More mindful of women's interests than comprable texts - little to no knowledge of female anatomy |
|
|
Difference in sexual desire and frequency in disabled people
Factors needed to make sexual choices (3)
National association fighting for rights of disabled people to have children and have sex |
Almost no difference
1. Knowledge of sex 2. Understands risks and benefits 3. Not under coercion
The Arc |
|
|
How do orgasms happen in people with spinal cord injuries?
|
Erotic sensitivity moved to other body parts allowing for orgasm without genital stimulation
|
|
|
Spinal cord injury affecting men How does viagra help |
Lower injury 1. No reflexive erections 2. Weak psychogenic ones - not usable 3. Ejaculation possible - usually not with orgasm, may retrograde
Upper injury 1. Reflexive erections with no feeling 2. No psychogenic erections 3. Ejaculation not possible
Only helpful if partial erection is possible |
|
|
Spinal cord injury affecting women (3)
|
1.Reduced vaginal lubrication and vulva swelling 2. Complete transection reduces ability to orgasm; lower the injury more affected 3. Orgasm is possible due to sensory signals in vagus nerve |
|
|
Examples of cultural differences in attractiveness Examples of how attractiveness has shifted historically in Western culture |
1. Long necks in Burmese women 2. Small feet in Chinese women 3. Whitened skin with large hats in Victorian England
Historically 1. Larger women more attractive - associated with fertility 2. Muscular men/tan skin unattractive - associated with lower class
Recently 1. Thinner women more attractive - sexuality without burdens of motherhood 2. Muscular men more attractive - associated with affluence |
|
|
Universal attractive traits in men (4) |
1. Tall - correlated with confidence, strength, powerful bearing 2. Muscularity - men overestimate the amount 3. More masculine men preferred during ovulation, more feminine preferred otherwise 4. More sexually open women prefer more masculine men |
|
|
Universal attractive traits in women (3) |
1. Younger women preferred 2. Youthful traits - full lips, smooth skin, lustrous hair, clear eyes 3. Larger breasts - signal sexual maturity and fertility
Women often overestimate men's preference for thinness and large breasts |
|
|
Optimal WHR for health and fertility for men and women Why is WHR better than BMI for predicting health What is used to determine attractiveness in women and men |
Men: 0.9, Women: 0.7
WHR is an indicator of visceral fat
Women: WHR, Men: WSR |
|
|
Why is facial symmetry so universally atractive? |
Manifestation of better gene expression, asymmetry is associated with genetic damage or expression errors |
|
|
Sexually dimorphic face preference Theory for why |
More feminine faces preferred More masculine preferred during ovulation, more feminine otherwise
Preference for traits that best exhibit sexual maturity |
|
|
Why are more average faces preferred? (2) |
1. More familiarity since traits are seen more often in general populace 2. May be a sign of better gene expression |
|
|
Fetish where men feed women to the point that they can't move |
Feederism |
|
|
How is the sex difference in weight preference best expressed in Canadian youth
How are overweight people discriminated against in cultures that emphasize thinness
Example of culture that doesn't care about thinness |
1. More men than women are overweight but more women are dieting 2. 2/3rds of women want to lose weight while half of men want to gain weight
Associated with laziness, poor health Last socially acceptable prejudice
Zulus in South Africa - equally attracted to all BMIs until the severely obese |
|
|
Difference between bulimia and anorexia |
Bulimia: excessive eating followed by excessive purging Anorexia: drastically reduced food intake |
|
|
What are the relative prevalence rates of eating disorders for men and women? How dangerous are they? |
3% lifetime prevalence in women 10% of all eating disorder cases are men Gay men show similar rates as straight women
12X death rate of average, 18 - 20% mortality |
|
|
Psychological causes of eating disorders (7) Number one reason Number one cause |
1. Excessive feelings of fatness and unattractiveness - overestimating 2. Obsession with thoughts about food and weight 3. Cognitive biases about food - overestimate calorie, fat, sugar content in food 4. High levels of restraint 5. Clinical levels of perfectionism 6. Chronic low self-esteem 7. Mood intolerance
Assert control over their life by controlling what they eat
Being judged negatively for appearance as a child |
|
|
Why are divorce rates higher in couples that cohabitate before marrying? (2) How is this trend shifting |
1. Religious people tend not to cohabitate before marriage 2. Religious people try harder to work at a relationship because they are taught that divorce is wrong
Cohabitation is now associated with lower divorce rates |
|
|
Sex differences for hookups (4) |
1. More men interested than women 2. Equal frequency in men and women 3. Majority of men and women are looking for committed relationships 4. Greater cost to women - pregnancy, social standard |
|
|
Sex differences for partner choice (4) |
1. Men value appearance more than women in marriage partners 2. Women value sensitivty more than men in marriage partners 3. Both highly value trustworthiness and personality 4. Do not differ in most aspects of partner choice |
|
|
How is the one true love notion harmful? What are the predictors of partner choice? (3) What limits it? (2) |
Increased belief associated with greater risk of relationship collapse
1. Proximity - number of interactions 2. Similarity - only to an extent, decreases effectiveness after a certain threshold 3. Reciprocity
1. Field of eligibles - longer, more specific pools decrease options 2. Age - older people have lower proximity |
|
|
What are some benefits of internet dating (2) and drawbacks? (1) |
1. Vastly improves proximity 2. Can target unusual or niche sexual interests
1. Increased options may lead to decreased commitment |
|
|
Predictors of long-term relationship satisfaction (7) |
1. Feeling loved/appreciated 2. Emotional closeness 3. Mindfulness 4. Sexual satisfaction 5. Self-disclosure 6. Ability to resolve conflict 7. Skilled communication |
|
|
Gottsman's four horsemen of the apocalypse How accurate? Most important one? |
1. Criticism: shift from complaint to attack 2. Contempt: shift from positivity to disgust 3. Defensiveness: denial, cross-blaming 4. Stonewalling: silence, giving up
Can predict downfall of relationship after 3 minutes of observation, increased time = increased accuracy
Contempt |
|
|
Types of monogamy (4) |
1. Social monogamy - share resources 2. Sexual monogamy 3. Genetic monogamy - only have babies with each other 4. Marital monogamy |
|
|
How is monogamy varied among animals? Among humans? |
Social monogamy varied by species, high in birds low in mammals Sexual monogamy almost non-existent
Serial monogamists Sexual and genetic monogamy varied across cultures Polygamy allowed in most societies - almost always polygyny |
|
|
Factors associated with infidelity (5) Why are men more likely to cheat? |
1. Stronger sexual interest 2. More permissive sexual attitudes 3. Lower relationship satisfaction 4. Weaker network ties to partner 5. Greater sexual opportunities
Stronger sexual interest, more permissive attitutdes on average than women |
|
|
Two examples of infidelity services |
1. Alibi network - customized stories for cheating 2. Ashley Madison - website for couples who want to cheat on their partner |
|
|
Types of non-monogamy (5) Key factor in non-monogamous relationship |
1. Polygamy - marriage to more than one person 2. Polyamory - loving more than one 3. Polyfidelity - faithfulness within polyamorous relationship 4. Open relationship 5. Swinging
All participants are aware |
|
|
What is the jealousy paradox Why is it evolutionarily adaptive |
Cross-cultural phenomenon despite people not being wired for monogamy
Men: reduces risk of using resources on a child that is not your own Women: reduces risk that man diverts resources on other women |
|
|
When are men and women more upset by infidelity? When is infidelity more upsetting in general? |
Men: sexual infidelity Women: emotional infidelity
When attributing source is internal rather than external |
|
|
How is babyfacedness related to attractiveness? |
More child-like female faces more attractive Elicits positive protective feelings that are normally for children
Does not increase attractiveness in men May have a disarming effect that raises likability |
|
|
Factors that affect attractiveness of bodies (3) |
1. Influence of sex hormones - body parts shared between genders has no effect on attractiveness 2. People of own gender more attractive 3. Severely underweight women univerally unattractive |
|
|
Influences of other senses on attractiveness (2) |
Hearing - lower male voices and higher female voices preferred - influence of sex hormones
Smell - men's odour correlated with facial symmetry Women who were ovulating showed preference for symmetrical men's smells, non-ovulating random |
|
|
Influences of behaviour and personality on attractiveness (4) Sex difference in how humour is valued |
1. Tends to influence slower than physical traits 2. Humour rated highly by both sexes 3. Often outside conscious awareness - traits initially set out rarely match the person you end up being attracted to 4. Women show interest in wealth and power above physical attractiveness
Women like men who make jokes Men like women who respond well to their own jokes |
|
|
Studies that show the influence of familiarity on attractiveness (2) |
1. When a self-portrait is digitally changed to be the opposite sex, subjects report greater attraction to their own twin than other twins 2. People find the mirror image of their photos more attractive while friends of subjects find the original more attractive |
|
|
Example where familiarity decreases attractiveness Effect where males exhibit renewed sexual interest when presented with a new mate |
Opposite sex siblings - may also be in part due to aversion to the scent of each other's bodies
Coolidge effect |
|
|
Influences of menstrual cycle on attractiveness (3) |
1. More masculine features are preferred during ovulation 2. Women more likely to engage in extra-pair sex during ovulation 3. Women are more attractive to men during ovulation |
|
|
Asexuality Advantages (2) Disadvantages (2) |
May want emotional intimacy but dont want to express this through sex Enjoy the pleasure of sex just not the interpersonal aspect - many still masturbate
No unwanted pregnancies, no STIs Shame, difficulty maintaining close relationships |
|
|
Theories for the increase in casual sex at the college level over the years (4) |
1. Postponement of age of marriage 2. Enforcement of sexual norms by peers rather than parents 3. Misperceptions of peer behaviour 4. Economic theory - women now make up the majority of college students |
|
|
Explanations for why casual sex is more accepted in the gay community (3) Implications for reduced frequency in lesbians |
1. Not gated by women's reluctance 2. No fear of pregnancy 3. Already stigmatized, no concern over further stigma of casual sex
Suggests that lower sexual interest is universal to all women |
|
|
Reasons why women are more likely to engage in casual sex today (3) Reasons against (3) |
1. Widespread contraception 2. Abortion 3. Virgnity not valued as much socially
1. Fear of violence 2. Fear of disease 3. Loss of reputation |
|
|
Characteristics of flirting (3) |
1. Flirting behaviours universal cross-culturally 2. Anti-flirting behaviours also universal 3. People have poor awareness of when they are being flirted with - only feel like they are if they are also flirting |
|
|
Reason for why people who delayed sex report more satisfaction with relationship |
Selection effect: people who initiated sex early are more likely to have been looking for something casual |
|
|
Characteristics of first dates (4) |
1. Set social script with gender roles - man takes lead, woman sets boundaries; very stable over time 2. Difference in goals between men and women at the college level (M-sex, W-friendship, fun) 3. Sex differences in goals disappear in older adults - more emphasis on nonphysical traits 4. Gender roles less important in same-sex relationships |
|
|
Biological mechanisms of love [early (1), late (4)] |
Early Dopamine released when looking at person recently fallen in love with
Late 1. Oxytocin and vasopressin mediate pair bonding 2. Dopaminergic systems 3. Cortex associated with erotic arousal and pleasure 4. Suppression of negative emotion |
|
|
Sternberg's three components of love Combinations (7) Satisfaction (3) Sex differences |
1. Passion (physical) 2. Initmacy (emotional) 3. Commitment (cognitive)
1. Liking - high I 2. Infatuation - high P 3. Empty love - high C 4. Romantic love - high I, P 5. Fatuous love - high C, P 6. Companiote love - high I, C 7. Consummate love - high in all
Intimacy best predicts in romantic relationships Commitment best predicts in marriage Best if triangle shapes are similar
Women higher on C, I, similar in P |
|
|
Attachment styles (3) Role of attachment theory in predicting relationship style Tendency for couples to resemble each other |
1. Secure 2. Avoidant 3. Anxious-ambivalent
1. Secure - easily forms intimate relationships 2. Avoidant - comes off as cold 3. Anxious-ambivalent - unrealistic fear of abandonment
2, 3 more likely to be abusive
Homogamy |
|
|
Focus of Marriage and Relationship Education (MRE) Alternative for focussing on behaviour
Key findings of MRE (3)
|
Active listenin - uninterupted statements of the problem Behavioural couples therapy (BCT)
1. Anger not necessarily bad - can open up topics 2. Common issue is women expressing emotion with men stonewalling in response 3. Positive start-ups much better received than negative |
|
|
Ways to measure sexual orientation (2) Heterosexual people performing homosexual acts for money. Reasons (3) Exploiting lesbian/bisexual identity to sell a brand/make more money |
1. Kinsey scale (0-6) 2. Storm's homo/heteroeroticism square - allows for asexuality
Gay-for-pay 1. Indulging true sexual preference while keeping up appearances 2. Huge premium to be paid for homosexual virgins 3. Getting money
Lezploitation |
|
|
Prevalence of homosexuality |
1. More women idenitfy as bisexual, more men as homosexual 2. More heterosexual women report homosexual activity 3. More homosexual women report heterosexual activity |
|
|
Psychological theories for causes of homosexuality (3) |
1. Psychodynamic theories - homosexuality part of development, stuck before maturation 2. Learning theory - homosexual experiences paired with pleasure ingrained into preference later 3. Gender non-conformity |
|
|
Biological theories for causes of homosexuality (6) Examples of prenatal androgen exposure effects (3) |
1. Genetics - coordinance of 50% in identical twins 2. Fraternal birth order effect - Y-linked antigen (Ray Blancher) 3. Prenatal hormone exposure - androgen threshold 4. Prenatal stress on mother - handedness correlation 5. Smaller INAH3 in homosexual men - regulates male sexual behaviour (medial preoptic hypo) 6. Functional hypothalamic connections different - reactions to male smell (androstadienone AND)
1. 2D:4D ratio smaller in straight men 2. Right hemisphere bigger in straight men, more symmetrical in gay men 3. Greater right side innervation of amygdala in straight men |
|
|
Cognitive dissonance Ways to reduce (4) Examples of effect in homosexuality (2) |
Holding two beliefs that are dissonant from each other. Subscribing to a belief that is incongruent with behaviour
1. Change set of attitudes/beliefs 2. Change behaviour 3. Justify actions or attitudes 4. Denial
George Reker, Ted Haggard (reform) |
|
|
Paradigm of Spitzer (2003) |
Subjects: white, religious men (mostly) who wanted to change their orientation
Procedure: underwent conversion therapy for 5 - 15 years and then retrospectively measured using structured interview, a variety of outcome variables (sexual attraction, identity, frequency of sex, use of gay porn etc.)
Results: Complete shift from homosexual to heterosexual on sexual attraction, sexual identity, frequency of homosexual behaviour, extent of distress caused by homosexual feelings
Conclusion: conversion therapy can successfully change sexual identity |
|
|
Positives (3) and negatives (5) of Spitzer (2003) |
1. Large sample size 2. Detailed, multi-item measures; covers behaviours, attitudes, fantasies 3. Structured interview allowed for consistency in retrospective measurment
1. Sample selection bias - all highly motivated to change with negative views on homosexuality 2. No control group, correlational design 3. Interventions inconsistent between subjects 4. Retrospective design 5. Potential psychological harm not measured |
|
|
Socialization theories for sexual orientation (3) |
1. Stemming from early childhood experiences - rape, same-sex exploration, boarding schools 2. Women's sexual feelings more strongly mediated by intimacy and love 3. Parental influence - rearing a boy as a girl will make him homosexual
1, 3 proven false by data 1. All boys/girls schools show more exploration but no difference in prevalance in adulthood 3. Bruce Reimer - reared as a girl but eventually grew to be a heterosexual adult male |
|
|
Diagnostic criteria for paraphilic disorder (5) |
Any of 1. Causing distress to the individual 2. Impairment of day-to-day activities 3. Causing harm to self or others when fulfilling sexual need Must be 4. Intense and persistent sexual interest that overrides other interests 5. Causes arousal without any stimulation of genitals |
|
|
Types of paraphilic disorders (DSM - V) |
Anomalous Activities 1. Courtship disorders (Voyeurism, Exhibitionism, Frotteurism) 2. Algolagnic (Sexual masochism, Sexual sadism)
Anomalous Target 1. Pedophilic disorder 2. Fetishistic disorder 3. Transvestic disorder |
|
|
Key diagnostic features of exhibitionistic and voyeuristic disorders. (3) Reason for why they occur
|
1. No consent 2. Motivation is shock value, not as a sexual invitation for E 3. Risk of getting caught provides charge for V
Generally men that feel powerless around women, providing shock or watching while they don't know gives that sense of power |
|
|
Disorder that involves non-consensual rubbing or touching Theories for why |
Frotteuristic disorder Anxiety about women - desperate attempt to interact with them |
|
|
Ways to exhibit BDSM (3) |
1. Bondage and discipline: physical and psychological restraint 2. Dominance and submission: giving and accepting dominance 3. Sadomasochism: pain, degradation, humiliation |
|
|
Theories for motivation of BDSM (5) |
1. Arousal transference - SNS activation due to pain, transferred to arousal. Relinquishing control can also lead to arousal 2. Release of endorphins - defense mechanism to physical threats 3. Escape from self - intensity brings you out of everyday worries 4. Power release and attainment - role reversal from norm 5. Giving oneself over to another's pleasure - feeling desirable by becoming a tool for anothers pleasure |
|
|
Key elements of BDSM (4) Common myths (7) |
1. Top and bottom (master, slave; dom, sub) 2. Consensual - safe, sane, risk-aware 3. Pre-play negotiations set by bottom - safe words, traffic light system 4. Knowledge of physical limits/potential injury
1. Bottoms enjoy abuse 2. Subs have no control 3. Respect for dom expected, disrespect punished 4. Scenarios have to increase in severity 5. Leads to serious injury or psychological harm 6. Always invovles sex 7. Participants have psychological problems, can't have intimate relationships, like pain in general |
|
|
Diagnostic criteria for pedophilic disorder (3) Preferred term by pedophiles Biological factors in pedophiles (3) |
All of 1. Recurrent, intense sexual urges about preadolescent child (-13) over a period of 6 months 2. Either acted on the urges OR urges cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty 3. At least 16 years old, 5 years older than target
Minor-attracted persons (MAPs)
1. Genetics 2. Smaller frontal lobes 3. Disconnection between brain regions mediating self-control and sexual expression |
|
|
Two forms of fetishistic disorder (2) Key diagnostic feature |
1. Media - fetish for material that it is made out of 2. Form (object) fetish - fetish for the object itself
Does not require a partner to provide the sexual charge |
|
|
Key feature of transvestic disorder Difference between transgender, transsexual, drag, transvestic disorder |
Sexual charge from dressing in clothing of opposite sex
TG: Do not subscribe to traditional gender roles for their sex/no gender roles at all TS: Psychological sex incongruent with physical sex D: Cross-dressing for entertainment primarily, not for sexual charge |
|
|
Non-DSM disorder describing men's paraphilic tendency to be aroused by imagining himself as a female
Person who described the disorder
Subtypes (4) |
Autogynephilia
Blanchard
1. Transvestic - women's clothing 2. Behavioural - sewing, cooking 3. Physiologic - fake breasts, vulvas, maxi pads stained red 4. Anatomic - transition surgery |
|
|
Diagnositic form of other paraphilias (name)
Name + Drive Bugs/small creatures (2) Impersonating/treated as an infant Amputees Muscular women Tall people; domination Anthropomorphic animals |
Paraphilic disorders - Not otherwise specified (NOS)
Formicophilia - SNS arousal, light sensation Autonepiophilia - returning to a point of innocence and wonder, caretaker - maternal instinct Acrotomophilia - taking on a caretaking role Sthenolagnia - female dominance Macrophilia - domination Furries
|
|
|
Courtship theory stages (4) Paraphilic disorders developed from abnormality in each stage |
1. Location of potential partner 2. Pre-tactile interaction 3. Tactile interaction 4. Effecting genital union
1. Voyeurism 2. Exhibitionism 3. Frotteurism 4. Rape |
|
|
Behavioural Theory of paraphilias
Biological Theory
Lovemap theory (Money) |
Classical conditioning Pairing of sexual arousal with object - Fetishistic disorder Pairing of shame with sexual arousal - either fetish for humiliation or paraphilias to re-establish dominance
Mapping of pain centers crossed with sexual pleasure centers Sexual masochistic disorder
Disruptions of sexual relationship templates in childhood leads to paraphilias |
|
|
Behavioural treatments of paraphilias (5), effectiveness?
Pharmaceutical treatments (2) |
1. Systematic desensitization - repeated exposure 2. Aversion therapy - IPECAC 3. Covert sensitization - imagined unpleasant + sexual 4. Social skills training - Frotteurism 5. Orgasmic reconditioning - pairing sexual arousal with appropriate target Only effective short-term, never long term - no longer used
1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - reduces anxiety, sexual desire (SE); makes psychotherapy more effective 2. Anti-androgens - strongly reduces sex drive to hypogonadic levels, Depo-Provera, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) |
|
|
Perspectives on pornography (3) Anti-porn definition Results of Fraser Commission Report |
1. Academic - all pornography is violence; expression of patriarchy where women are exploited and commodified 2. Liberal - free speech, women have a right to do what they want with their bodies 3. Pro-sex - porn has benefits for women, sexual freedom
Explicit material made to arouse. Exploitative, degrading and dehumanizing
Strong lobbying by feminists and religious leaders - found no support for porn leading to more sexual assault, violent crime or moral degradation |
|
|
Types of video pornography (5) Reasons for use (7)
|
1. Mainstream: big production, acting 2. Gonzo: just sex, no plot 3. Underground: kinky 4. Amateur 5. Feminist: ethically made, transcends male stereotypes
1. Stimuli for masturbation 2. Entertainment 3. Arousal for later sexual encounter 4. Outlet during periods of no partner 5. Mismatched sexual desire outlet 6. Fulfills desires that cannot be fulfilled by partner 7. Entertainment, sexual play, explore sexuality with partner
|
|
|
Paradigm of Griffith et al. (2012) - characteristics of pornography actresses (9) |
Sampled porn actresses with community matched controls
More likely to identify as bisexual More sexual partners More concerned about STIs More sexual satisfaction Higher self-esteem Better social support Happier More likely to use recreational drugs Equal rates of childhood sexual abuse
No support for damaged goods hypothesis |
|
|
Results of McKee (2005) - objectification study (6) |
Studied top 50 clips of mainstream porn
Women orgasm less than men Men look at the camera less Men talk to the camera less Men initiated sex less No difference in names, central character, talking to other characters Woman learning to enjoy her own rape has disappeared from mainstream porn |
|
|
Early exposure to porn effects Porn's effect on sexual agression; attitudes supporting violence against women (ASVAW) |
Current users of paraphilic porn were more likely to be exposed to porn early. Cannot imply causation as sexual desire was not controlled for
All porn consumption increases ASVAW, violent more than non-violent High hostile masculinity and general hostility paired with porn increases ASVAW Low HM and GH shows no effect after porn exposure |
|
|
Pornography and sexual assault (5) |
1. Child molesters more likely to use porn early, incorporate it into their sexual preference 2. No difference between exposure to deviant porn and vanilla porn 3. No difference in amount of porn use and number of crimes committed 4. High porn consumers more likely to reoffend 5. Softcore porn predicts sexual assault better than hardcore in rural areas |
|
|
Fetish associated with specific body parts Seek to have an amputation Attraction to transgenders Making obscene telphone calls Sexual arousal from sexual violence itself Choking self while masturbating Cycle of abuse (victim-perpetrator cycle) |
Partialism Apotemnophilia Gyandromorphophilia Telephone scatalogia Paraphilic coercive disorder Autoerotic asphyxia Abused children growing up to repeat similar forms of abuse |
