Psych 350 Exam #1

Front 1

social psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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culture

Back 2

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people transmitted from one generation to the next.

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social representations

Back 3

socially shared beliefs- widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.

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hindsight bias

Back 4

the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.

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theory

Back 5

an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.

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hypothesis

Back 6

a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

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field research

Back 7

research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.

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correlational research

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the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables.

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experimental research

Back 9

studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).

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random sample

Back 10

survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion. (helps us generalize to a population)

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framing

Back 11

the way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions

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independent variable

Back 12

the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates

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dependent variable

Back 13

the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable.

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random assignment

Back 14

the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. (helps us infer cause and effect)

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mundane realism

Back 15

degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.

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experimental realism

Back 16

degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.

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deception

Back 17

in research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes.

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demand characteristics

Back 18

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.

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informed consent

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an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

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debriefing

Back 20

the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants. Debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings.

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spotlight effect

Back 21

the belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are.

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illusion of transparency

Back 22

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.

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self concept

Back 23

a person's answers to the question "who am I?"

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self-schema

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beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

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self-reference effect

Back 25

the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself.

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possible selves

Back 26

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.

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social comparison

Back 27

evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.

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individualism

Back 28

the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

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collectivism

Back 29

giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

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interdependent self

Back 30

construing one's identity in relation to others.

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confederate

Back 31

an accomplice of the experimenter

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impact bias

Back 32

overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

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immune neglect

Back 33

the human tendency to neglect the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system", which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.

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dual attitudes

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differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.

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self-esteem

Back 35

a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.

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self-efficacy

Back 36

a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, one's sense of self worth. A bombardier might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem.

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locus of control

Back 37

the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.

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learned helplessness

Back 38

the hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.

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self-serving bias

Back 39

the tendency to perceive oneself favorably.

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self-serving attributions

Back 40

a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.

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defensive pessimism

Back 41

the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action.

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false consensus effect

Back 42

the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.

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false uniqueness effect

Back 43

the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.

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group-serving bias

Back 44

explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group).

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self-handicapping

Back 45

protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

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self-presentation

Back 46

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.

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self-monitoring

Back 47

being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression.