Psych 302 Chapter 8

Front 1

Negative Reinforcement:

Back 1

removal
reduction
postponement
prevention
of stimulation that strengthens target behavior

escape or avoidance

Front 2

Shuttle Box

Back 2

Dogs placed on one side, when that light would go off, dog would be shocked after 10 seconds if it didn't jump to the other side
escape: jumping over
avoid: jumping when light went out

Front 3

Avoidance Paradox:

Back 3

how can the nonoccurence of an aversive event serve as a reinforcer for an avoidance response.

Front 4

Two Factor Theory of Avoidance:

Back 4

1) Classical Conditioning
US:shock
CS: 10 seconds of darkness that preceded shock
2) Operant Conditioning
escape from a fear provoking CS ( darkness) is reinforced

Front 5

Problem with the two-factor theory?

Back 5

1) no consistent overt signs of fear
2)successful avoidance eliminates signs of fear
3)extreme resistance to extinction

Front 6

Tests of the two factor theory?

Back 6

-dogs trained in diff context - tone paired with shock. When returned to shuttle box, the dogs escaped to the other side from the tone
-Rats were shocked in a white compartment - they would learn different responses if it allowed them to escape.

Front 7

One factor theory:

Back 7

classical conditioning component not necessary. The reinforcement of avoidance behavior is avoidance of shock

Front 8

Free Operant Avoidance (one factory theory)

Back 8

rats in operant chamber, shocks delivered at reg. intervals, but response delays the shocks.

passage of time stimulus?

Front 9

one factor vs two factor?

Back 9

two factor questions why there is avoidance in the free operant avoidance procedure since there is no signal before the shock?

Front 10

Shock Frequency Reduction:

Back 10

pressing a lever could switch a schedule of rapid shocks to a schedule of slow shocks

- no external stimulus, not even passage of time
-Rats respond to a MOLAR variable!

Front 11

Avoidance Behaviors Resistance to Extinction?

Back 11

the subject can discriminate no change in the conditions so there is no change in their behavior.

Front 12

Extinction to Avoidance: Flooding?

Back 12

response blocking, forced exposure to consequences of not escaping (not aversive, just the signal that precedes the shock)

Front 13

Learned Helplessness:

Back 13

inescapable/unavoidable shock produces subsequent 'helplessness' when avoidance is actually possible.

Front 14

Immunizing subjects from the effects of uncontrollable aversive events =

Back 14

initial experience that provides escape blocks the onset of learned helplessness

Front 15

Species Specific Defense Reactions:

Back 15

innate defensive reactions when animal encounters new or sudden stimulus in wild

avoidance response will be quickly learned if it is compatible with this.

freezing
fleeing
fighting

Front 16

Using Punishment Effectively:

Back 16

manner of intro= max 1st time
immediacy=right after undesired response
schedule=every time
motivation to respond=whatever reinforcer is maintaining behavior decrease value bu giving reinforcer for desirable behavior
available alternate behaviors

Front 17

Undesirable side effects of Punishment =

Back 17

1) emotional responding (aggression)
2)general suppression of all behaviors
3)attempts at counter control
4) can't monitor all behavior all time
5)highly discriminable = subjects learn when it will and won't occu

Front 18

Response Cost=

Back 18

the loss of tokens/reinforcers following the occurrence of undesirable behaviors = negative punishment

Front 19

Time out

Back 19

negative punishment

Front 20

private reprimand in classroom:

Back 20

positive punishment

Front 21

shock following SIB or bruxism or loud cough

Back 21

positive punishment

Front 22

Overcorrection:

Back 22

parent or therapist requiring several repetitions of an alternate more desirable behavior
1)restitution:making up for wrong doing
2)Positive Practice: repeating the right procedure over and over

Front 23

Negative Punishment: extinction

Back 23

removing the reinforcer should make the undesired behavior disappear

Front 24

Negative punishment: escape extinction/response blocking

Back 24

no longer provide escape - physically restraining the individual to prevent inappropriate behavior

Front 25

Noncontingent Reinforcement:

Back 25

delivery of free reinforcers at random times. like paying more attention to someone could decrease their problem behaviors

Front 26

Stimulus Satiation:

Back 26

overload on reinforcers so it no longer is a reinforcer.