Psych 2H03 Midterm 3

Front 1

Family Resemblance

Back 1

Members of a category resemble one another

Not necessarily all or none, just relies on some number of features being shared by any group of category members even if they aren't shared by all members

Front 2

Prototype Theory

Back 2

Mental categories are represented by means of a single "best example" identifying the center of the category

Provide an economical representation of twhat's typical for the category

Front 3

Graded Membership

Back 3

Objects closer to the prototype are better members of the category than objects farther from the prototype

Front 4

Sentence Verification Task

Back 4

Participants given simple sentences and must respond as quickly as possible whether the sentence is true or false

According to a prototype perspective, participants choose their response by comparing the mentioned thing to their prototype for that category

Front 5

Production Task

Back 5

The person is asked to name as many examples of a category as possible

They'll start with the center of the category and work their way outward from there

Front 6

Rating Tasks

Back 6

Participants must evaluate some item or category with reference to some dimension, usually expressing their response in terms of some number

Front 7

Basic-level categorization

Back 7

A level of categorization hypothesized as the natural and most informative level, neither too specific nor too general

People tend to use basic-level terms in their ordinary conversation and in reasoning

Front 8

Exemplar-based reasoning

Back 8

Reasoning that draws on knowledge about specific category members, rather than on more general information about the overall category (prototype)

Front 9

Exemplar

Back 9

A specific remembered instance

Provide information that's lost from the prototype including info about the variability within the category

Front 10

Similarities between prototype and exemplar theories

Back 10

In both proposals, you categorize objects by comparing them to a mentally represented standard

The process is the same: You assess the similarity between a candidate object and the standard

Front 11

Differences between prototype and exemplar theories

Back 11

For prototype theory, the standard is the prototype (average representing the entire category)

For exemplar theory, the standard is provided by whatever example of the category comes to mind

Front 12

Typicality

Back 12

The degree to which a particular case is typical for its kind

Front 13

Propositions

Back 13

Smallest units of knowledge that can be either true or false

Front 14

Natural Kinds

Back 14

Groups of objects that exist naturally in the world (bushes, aligators, mountains, rocks)

As they are due to forces of nature which are relatively consistent so the properties of these objects are stable

Front 15

Artifacts

Back 15

Objects made by human beings

Front 16

Morphemes

Back 16

Smallest language unit that carries meaning (basically the root part of a word i.e. talked would be talk)

Front 17

Phonemes

Back 17

Smallest units of sound used to distinguish meaning (what it sounds like phonetically i.e. talk would be tok)

Front 18

Vocal folds

Back 18

Two flaps of muscular tissue in the larynx that can be rapidly opened or closed to produce buzzing called voicing

Front 19

manner of production

Back 19

How the airflow in the larynx is restricted, used to distinguish sounds (can be fully stopped to produce t or b sound or can be restricted to produce f and z sounds)

Front 20

Place of articulation

Back 20

Categorizing sounds based on where the airflow is restricted

Front 21

Bilabial Sounds

Back 21

Close lips, produces sounds like b and p

Front 22

Labiodental Sounds

Back 22

Placing top teeth on lower lip, produces sounds like f and v

Front 23

Alveolar Sounds

Back 23

Placing tongue just behind upper teeth, produces sounds like d and t

Front 24

Number of phenomes in English

Back 24

Around 40, created by combining the 3 sound types

Front 25

Speech segmentation

Back 25

A stream of speech is "sliced" into its constituent words and into its constituent phenomes

Front 26

Coarticulation

Back 26

Way a sound is produced is altered slightly by the immediately preceding and immediately following words

Front 27

Phonemic Restoration Effect

Back 27

Pattern in which people hear phenomes that are not actually present but highly likely in that context

Front 28

Categorical Perception

Back 28

People are much better at hearing the differences between categories of sound than they are at hearing the variations within a category of sound

Front 29

Generativity of Language

Back 29

Capacity to create an endless series of new combinations all from the same set of fundamental units

Front 30

Syntax

Back 30

Rules governing the sequence of words in a phrase or sentence

Front 31

Phrase structure rules

Back 31

Stipulations that list the elements that must appear in a phrase and (for some languages) specify the sequences of those phrases

Also determine overall organization of sentence

Front 32

Tree structure

Back 32

Method of depicting the phrase structure rules in a tree like diagram

Front 33

Perspective rules

Back 33

Rules describing how language is supposed to be (phrase structure rules are descriptive not perspective)

Front 34

Descriptive rules

Back 34

Rules describing how language is ordinarily used not how it is supposed to be used

(i.e.phrase structure rules)

Front 35

Sentence Parsing

Back 35

People seek to parse sentences as soon as they hear them, trying to figure out the role of each word as soon as it arrives

Is efficient but can lead to many errors, early part of sentences are often ambiguous but the later part clears it up

Front 36

Garden Paths

Back 36

Initially led to one interpretation but this interpretation turns out to be wrong

Need to reject your first and seek another

Leads to a double-take reaction when late arriving info forces you to abandon your initial efforts

Front 37

Extralinguistic context

Back 37

The physical and social setting in which you encounter sentences

Front 38

Prosody

Back 38

The rise and fall of speech intonation and the patterns of pauses

Can reveal the mood of the speaker as well as direct attention to certain parts of sentences

Front 39

Pragmatics

Back 39

Knowledge of how language is ordinarily used

Front 40

Aphasia

Back 40

Damage to specific parts of the brain cause a disruption in language production and/or comprehension

Front 41

Non-fluent Aphasia

Back 41

Occurs as a result of damage to Broca's Area

Adequate verbal comprehension but unable to produce language

Front 42

Fluent Aphasia

Back 42

Damage to Wernicke's Area

Able to talk freely but dont make sense

Front 43

Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

Back 43

Syndrome in which individuals seem to have normal intelligence but have trouble learning the rules of language

Front 44

Over-regularization errors

Back 44

An error in which a person perceives a word/event as being closer to the norm than it really is

Runned instead of ran

Front 45

Semantic Bootstrapping

Back 45

Process in language in which a person uses knowledge of semantic relationships as the basis for figuring out the syntax of the language

Front 46

Linguistic Relativity

Back 46

The language you speak forces you into certain modes of thought

People who speak a different language than you inevitably think differently from you