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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socialization
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the process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes and expectations required of them by their society or culture
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Germinal Stage
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Begins at fertilization when the male sperm units with the femal ovum
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zygote
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Fertilized single celled egg
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Embryonic stage
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About two weeks after fertilization, lasting until the eight week after conception. at which point the embryo is only 1 1/2 inches long
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Some harmful influences that can cross the placental barrier (6)
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1. German measles- Can effect eyes ears and heart (deafness)
2. x-rays or other radiation and toxic chemicals- can cause fetal deformities and cognitive abnormalities that can last throughout life. 3. Sexually transmitted diseases- can cause mental retardation, blindness and other physical disorders. 4. cigarette smoking- during pregnancy increases the likelihood of miscarriage premature birth abnormal fetal heartbeat and an underweight baby 5. regular consumption of alcohol- can kill neurons throughout the fetus's developing brain and impair the childs later mental abilities, attention span, and academic achievement. 6. drugs other than alcohol- can be harmful to the fetus whether they are illicit ones such as morphine, cocaine, and heroin or commonly used legal substance such as antibiotics. |
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motor reflexes
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automatic behaviors that are necessary for survival.
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a newborns visual focus range
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8 inches
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contact comfort
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in primates the innate pleasure is derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infants first attachment
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John Bowlby
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observed the devastating effects on babies raised in orphanages without touches or cuddles and on the other children raised in conditions of severe deprivation or neglect
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Margaret and Harry Harlow
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they demonstrated the importance of contact comfort, they did the experiment with the two monkeys, one cuddly mother one wire, baby went to cuddly mother
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Mary Ainsworth
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Devised experimental method called "the strange situation"- a mother brings her baby into an unfamilar room with a bunch of toys. stranger comes in, attempts to play with child, mother leaves room, and returns and stranger leaves.
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securely attached
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cry or protest if parent leaves room. welcome back and play happily.
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insecurely attached (two forms)
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anxious/ ambivliant- resisting contacting and reunion but protesting loudly if she leaves
and avoidant- not caring if mother leaves room making little effort to see contact. |
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Factors that promote insecure attachment
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abandonment and deprivation in first two years of life
parenting that is abusive or neglectful or erratic because the parent is chronically irresponsible or depressed the child own influenced temperament changing stressful stressful circumstances in the child's family |
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telegraphic speech
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a child's first word combinations and omits unnecessary words
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object permanence
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the understanding which develops through the first year. the object continues to exist even when you cannot see or touch it
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ego centric thinking
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seeing the world from your point of view, the inability to take in anyone else's perspective
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conservation
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the understading that the physical properties of objects such as the number of items in the cluster or the amount of liquid in the glass can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes
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Jean Piaget
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he studied the cognitive development of children. came up with flower blooming development.
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Jean Piaget Stages that people go through (4)
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1. sensory motor stage (birth to 2)
- the infant learns concrete actions, look and touch 2. the pre-operational stage (2-7) - the use of symbols and language accelerates, but children still lack cognitive abilities like understanding abstract principles and thinking 3. the concrete operation stage(7-12) -children have developed significantly, able to take other people perspectives and make fewer logical errors 4. the formal operation stage (12-adulthood) -teenagers become capable of abstract reasoning |
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current views of cognitive development (piaget revised) (5)
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1. cognitive abilities develop in overlapping waves rather then stages
2. preschoolers are not as ego centric as piaget thought 3. children understand far more then he gave them credit for , as adults understand way less 4. cognitive development is spurred by the growing speed and efficiency of information processing 5. cognitive development is greatly effected by a child's culture |
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power assertion
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a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment or authority to correct the childs behavior.
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induction
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a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the childs own abilities. sense of responsibility and feelings for others in correcting childs behavior
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gender identity
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the fundamental sense of being male or female, it is independent whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender
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gender typing
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the process by which children learn the abilities interests and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture
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intersex conditions
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hermy
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gender schema
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a cognitive schema of knowledge, beliefs and expectations about what it means to be male or female
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menarche
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the onset of menstruation
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Erik H. Erikson
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wrote that all individuals go through eight stages in their lives. each stage is characterized by a particular challenge which he called "crisis"
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The 8 stages by Erikson
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1. trust vs mistrust
- occurs baby firsts things, depends on others for food warmth cuddling. may not get it and will never develop essential trust of others 2. independence vs shame and doubt -young child is learning to be independent and must do so and must not feel to ashamed of being uncertainness about actions 3. initiative vs guilt -learning to control impulses. making sure it does not develop too strong sense of guilt 4. competence vs inferiority -not letting failures make you feel inferior. 5. identity vs role confusion -when teenagers must decide who they are, what they are going to do, and what they want to make of their lives. 6. itimicay vs icolation - once you choose who you are, you must share your self with another, never complete until capable of intimacy 7. generatively vs stagnation -the challenge of the middle years, parenthood ect. 8. ego integrity vs despari -this is the final challege of old age. people attempt to reach ultimate goals of wisdom spiritual tranquility and acceptance o |
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social clock
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determine whether they are on time for these transition or off time
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menopause
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occurs between ages 45-55, the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years.
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fluid intelligence
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the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age
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crystallized intelligence
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cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and the tends to remain stable over the lifetime
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