Psych

Front 1

survey

Back 1

100 people is optimal, can gather large amounts of info but cannot determine cause and effect, biased sample possible, response bias possible (social desirability bias) and questions can skew answers

Front 2

naturalistic observation

Back 2

subjects don't know they're being observed, can gather info in usual setting as it NATURALLY occurs, cannot determine cause-effect and observer bias is possible

Front 3

experiment

Back 3

can determine cause-effect, can manipulate variables and controls, sampling errors can occur, hard to generalize real world

Front 4

case study

Back 4

in depth studies on individuals, intense info gathered but cannot determine cause-effect, expensive and time consuming, not good for generalizing, biased sample

Front 5

longitudinal study

Back 5

study same group of subjects over time at different ages

Front 6

cross-sectional study

Back 6

study different groups of people at different ages at same point in time

Front 7

random sampling

Back 7

must get sample representative of gerneral population

Front 8

hypothesis

Back 8

statement about relationship between 2 variables that must be testable

Front 9

replication

Back 9

experiment should be able to be replicated with same results to be reliable

Front 10

correlation

Back 10

correlation does NOT prove causation, + and - correlations; +: as feet grow, vocab increases, -: as do drugs, test scores decrease

Front 11

control group

Back 11

comparison of results, no variables introduced

Front 12

experimental group

Back 12

what is being tested, the variable

Front 13

double-blind study

Back 13

neither experimentor nor participants know to which group they belong

Front 14

placebo

Back 14

psuedo treatment

Front 15

Pavlov

Back 15

behaviorist, classical conditioning

Front 16

Wundt

Back 16

father of psychology, first psych lab, introspection, biological psychology

Front 17

Darwin

Back 17

evolutionary theory, natural selection

Front 18

Freud

Back 18

psychoanalytic theory, stages of psychosexual development

Front 19

Skinner

Back 19

behaviorist, operant conditioning

Front 20

Watson

Back 20

behaviorist, classical conditioning

Front 21

cognitive theory

Back 21

how mental thoughts affect behavior, how pepole think, remember, and percieve

Front 22

psychoanalytic theory

Back 22

all behavior is meaninful and controlled by idgging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality

Front 23

behaviorist theory

Back 23

expanded psych into many groups that could not be studied by intospection, all behavior is observable and measurable

Front 24

humanistic theory

Back 24

emphasizes free will, people not ruled completely by environment or past experience, rising to full human potential

Front 25

socio-cultural theory

Back 25

examines how cultural, political, religious, etc. experiences affect our everyday life, gender influences behavior, job opportunities influence goals and ambitions

Front 26

neurobiological theory

Back 26

all actions and feelings associated with the nervous system

Front 27

false-consensus effect

Back 27

belief that more people agree with us then actually do

Front 28

hindsight bias

Back 28

tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have forseen it

Front 29

confirmation bias

Back 29

tendency to search for info that confirms our preconceptions

Front 30

social loafing

Back 30

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effors for a common goal then when individually accountable

Front 31

diffusion of responsibility

Back 31

we feel less responsible for helping if others are around then if we are alone

Front 32

clinical psychology

Back 32

diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems and disabilities; interview, test, therapy

Front 33

developmental psychology

Back 33

study how people change and grow over time physically, mentally, and socially

Front 34

psychiatrists

Back 34

practice medicine concerned with mental disorders, maladjustment and abnormal behavior, can prescribe drugs

Front 35

industrial-organizational psychologist

Back 35

concerned with group decision making, employee morale, work motivation productivity, stress, personnel, selection, marketing strategies, and product design

Front 36

dendrites

Back 36

catch neurotransmitter

Front 37

synapse

Back 37

space through wich neurotransmitters travel to the next neuron

Front 38

axons

Back 38

path neurotransmitters travel down

Front 39

neurotransmitters

Back 39

chemical messengers

Front 40

myelin sheath

Back 40

insulation, allows impulse to travel faster

Front 41

vesicles

Back 41

release neurotransmitters into synapse

Front 42

threshold

Back 42

all or nothing principle, neuron either will or won't fire

Front 43

central nervous system

Back 43

made up of brain and spinal cord

Front 44

peripheral nervous system

Back 44

made up of somatic and autonomic nervous system

Front 45

somatic nervous system

Back 45

voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

Front 46

afferent nerves

Back 46

part of somatic NS, go inward to CNS

Front 47

efferent nerves

Back 47

part of somatic NS, go outward from CNS

Front 48

autonomic nervous system

Back 48

involuntary and automatic, includes sypathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Front 49

sympathetic nervous system

Back 49

emergencies, part of autonomic NS

Front 50

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 50

conserves body resources, part of autonomic NS

Front 51

endocrine system

Back 51

glands that secrete chemicals to help keep body functioning

Front 52

hormones

Back 52

chemical substances released by the endocrine glands

Front 53

endorphins

Back 53

opiate effects, reduce pain, promote pleasure

Front 54

pituitary gland

Back 54

produces growth hormones and fight or flight responses

Front 55

MRI

Back 55

uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure

Front 56

PET

Back 56

examine brain function, mapping activity over time

Front 57

CT/CAT scan

Back 57

computerized x-ray of brain structure in horizontal slices

Front 58

frontal lobe

Back 58

motor

Front 59

occipital lobe

Back 59

vision

Front 60

temporal lobe

Back 60

auditory

Front 61

parietal

Back 61

touch

Front 62

Broca's area

Back 62

role in speech production

Front 63

Wernicke's area

Back 63

role in speech comprehension

Front 64

hippocampus

Back 64

part of limbic system involved with learning and memory

Front 65

hypothalamus

Back 65

regulation of basic biological functions, 4 fs

Front 66

amygdala

Back 66

part of limbic system involved in emotion, agression, and fear

Front 67

reticular formation

Back 67

screens and filters incoming info, arouses higher centers when something happens to demand their attention

Front 68

cerebellum

Back 68

coordination of movement and sense of equilibrium (balance)

Front 69

medulla

Back 69

life support functions such as breathing and heart rate

Front 70

corpus collosum

Back 70

connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Front 71

right brain

Back 71

visual-spatial tasks

Front 72

left brain

Back 72

logic, math, language

Front 73

corpus collosum

Back 73

connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Front 74

fantasy prone personality

Back 74

4% of population, spend up to half the day daydreaming

Front 75

circadian rhythm

Back 75

regular body changes that occur every 24 hours, thinking most accurate at peak

Front 76

alpha waves

Back 76

awake but in a relaxed state

Front 77

beta waves

Back 77

rapid brain waves, awake

Front 78

theta waves

Back 78

ligh sleep

Front 79

delta waves

Back 79

deep sleep

Front 80

REM

Back 80

dream sleep, relatively paralyzed, rapid sleep waves

Front 81

NREM

Back 81

all stages of sleep, no dreaming, deeper sleep, incubus attacks can occur

Front 82

manifest content

Back 82

storyline of dream

Front 83

latent content

Back 83

interpretation of dream

Front 84

narcolepsy

Back 84

fall asleep instantly into deep sleep

Front 85

insomnia

Back 85

persistent problems in falling asleep

Front 86

sleep apnea

Back 86

frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep

Front 87

REM rebound

Back 87

increase in REM sleep after sleep deprived

Front 88

dissociation

Back 88

splitting off of mental processes into 2 seperate, simultaneous streams of awakeness

Front 89

post-hypnotic amnesia

Back 89

suggestions during hypnosis can influence subject's later behavior

Front 90

marijuana

Back 90

stimulant, relaxed state, altered perception, increased awareness

Front 91

LSD

Back 91

hallucinagen, euphoria, hallucinations, increased sensory awareness

Front 92

cocaine

Back 92

stimulant, increase in energy, excitement, reduced fatigue

Front 93

nicotine

Back 93

stimulant, relaxation, stress relieval

Front 94

alcohol

Back 94

depressant, anxiety reduction, lowering of inhibitions

Front 95

selective attention

Back 95

focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others (aka cocktail party effect)

Front 96

interposition

Back 96

when an object is placed in between another object and the viewer, the smaller object is farther away

Front 97

relative clarity

Back 97

hazy objects pervieved as farther away

Front 98

relative height

Back 98

objects higher in field of vision appear father away

Front 99

linear perspective

Back 99

lines appear to converge in the distance

Front 100

proximity

Back 100

things near each other tend to be grouped together

Front 101

closure

Back 101

brain fills in gaps to complete forms

Front 102

continuity

Back 102

lines and patterns tend to be percieved as continuing in time and space

Front 103

perceptual set

Back 103

your values and bias shape perception

Front 104

perceptual adaptation

Back 104

repetitious stimuli disappear

Front 105

sensation

Back 105

processing and encoding physical info from the environment

Front 106

perception

Back 106

process by which brain organizes sensory inof and assembles it into meaningful patterns

Front 107

top-down processing

Back 107

use prior knowledge to fill in blanks

Front 108

bottom-up processing

Back 108

use basics to build up whole

Front 109

telepathy

Back 109

reading someone's mind

Front 110

clairvoyance

Back 110

knowing something without being there

Front 111

psychokinesis

Back 111

moving objects with your mind

Front 112

precognition

Back 112

predicting the future

Front 113

subliminal perception

Back 113

registering of sensory input without conscious awareness

Front 114

difference thresholds

Back 114

difference in stimulation you can noticebly detect when 2 stimuli are compared

Front 115

trichromatic theory

Back 115

all colors of light made up of 3 colors, retina contains only 3 types of cones - red, blue and green

Front 116

opponent process theory

Back 116

visual system treats various pairs of colors as opposing, when fatigued, opposite color cannot be coded at same time

Front 117

cochlea

Back 117

snail shaped, fluid filled, inner ear, contains hearing receptors

Front 118

basilar membrane

Back 118

interior of cohlea, causes wave-like motion in fluid that cause hair to move

Front 119

decibels

Back 119

measure of intensity(or amplitude)

Front 120

kinesthesis

Back 120

sense of one's body position and movement of body parts, uses pain and pleasure receptors in muscles and joints, helps with voluntary movement

Front 121

sensory interaction

Back 121

senses influence each other

Front 122

absolute threshold

Back 122

minimum threshold needed for detection 50% of the time

Front 123

classical conditioning

Back 123

learning in which a stimulus acquires the capactity to evoke a response(an involuntary one)that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Front 124

acquisition

Back 124

initial stage of learning during which a response is established and gradually strengthened

Front 125

extinction

Back 125

a resopnse that is no longer reinforced will stop

Front 126

spontaneous recovery

Back 126

reappearance of an extinguished, conditioned response after rest period

Front 127

stimulus discrimination

Back 127

ability to distinguish between stimuli

Front 128

stimulus generalization

Back 128

response that forms specific stimulus to others that resemble the original

Front 129

positive reinforcement

Back 129

something pleasant follows response

Front 130

negative reinforcement

Back 130

response strengthened by avoiding of something unpleasant

Front 131

primary reinforcement

Back 131

something necessary for survival as reward

Front 132

secondary reinforcement

Back 132

something that can be used to get something for survival

Front 133

punishment

Back 133

weakening response with something unpleasant

Front 134

fixed ratio schedule

Back 134

reinforcement after act performed certain amount of times

Front 135

variable ratio schedule

Back 135

reinforcement after act performed a variable number of times

Front 136

fixed interval schedule

Back 136

reinforcement after a certain amount of time

Front 137

variable interval schedule

Back 137

reinforcement after a variable amount of time

Front 138

observational learning

Back 138

organisms's responding is influenced by the observation of others

Front 139

modeling behavior

Back 139

modeling behavior after respected or authority or liked figures

Front 140

cognitive learning

Back 140

involves higher mental processes, more complex then simple response to stimuli

Front 141

prisoner's dilemma

Back 141

choice between cooperative act and selfish one

Front 142

commoner's dilemma

Back 142

overuse of common resource makes it unavailable

Front 143

groupthink

Back 143

desire for harmony overrides realism

Front 144

group polarization

Back 144

enhancement of group's prevailing attitudes through discussion

Front 145

cognitive dissonance

Back 145

when tension exists when people's attitudes don't match their actions

Front 146

central route to persuasion

Back 146

putting in time and effort necessary to make an educated choice

Front 147

peripheral route to persuasion

Back 147

random and inconsequential factors taken into consideration

Front 148

iconic memory

Back 148

momentary snsory memory of visual image, less then 1 sec

Front 149

echoic memory

Back 149

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 sec

Front 150

short term memory

Back 150

working memory, holds items for a few sec - few min, limited in capactiy, magic # is 7 + or - 2

Front 151

long term memory

Back 151

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Front 152

mnemonic device

Back 152

way to remember something with acronym or the like

Front 153

chunking

Back 153

organizing items into familiar, managable units, often occurs automatically

Front 154

method of loci

Back 154

imagine oneself going through a series of locations, associating each with a visual representation

Front 155

rehersal

Back 155

important for encoding (repeating info)

Front 156

encoding

Back 156

process of transforming info effectively into memory

Front 157

storage

Back 157

retention of encoding info over time

Front 158

retrieval

Back 158

getting info out of memory

Front 159

effortful processing

Back 159

study and rehearse material to store it

Front 160

automatic processing

Back 160

don't realize memorizing, effortless

Front 161

representative heuristics

Back 161

tendency to make decisions or judge info that fits our preconcieved notions or stereotypes of a situation

Front 162

availability heuristic

Back 162

basing estimated probabliity of an event on the case with which relevant instances come to mind

Front 163

fundamental attribution error

Back 163

attribute others' actions to internal factors and their own to external factors

Front 164

internal attribution

Back 164

quality within a person

Front 165

external attribution

Back 165

outside force

Front 166

retroactive interference

Back 166

when a person has difficulty with old information because of newly learned information

Front 167

proactive interference

Back 167

when a person has difficulty learning new information because of old information

Front 168

serial position effect

Back 168

tendency to recall info that is 1st and last better then that in the middle

Front 169

concept

Back 169

mental grouping of similar things, events and people used to remember

Front 170

heuristic

Back 170

rule of thumb strategy for making more efficient decisions

Front 171

prototype

Back 171

the best example of cognitive representation of something within a certain category

Front 172

insight

Back 172

sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Front 173

functional fixedness

Back 173

narrow and limited thinking about objects, concepts, and people

Front 174

source amnesia

Back 174

at the root of many false memories, one of the frailest part of memory

Front 175

retrograde amnesia

Back 175

loss of memories for events that occured before a head injury

Front 176

anterograde amnesia

Back 176

cannot encode new memories but can recall events that are already in your memory