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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the component or trichromatic theory? |
Theory that there are three types of receptors, each with a different spectral sensitivity |
_____ types of receptions, each with a ____ ____ ____. |
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Who proposed and who refined the component theory? |
Proposed by Young, refined by Helmholtz |
Proposed by ___, refined by ___. |
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What is the opponent-process theory? |
Theory that there are two different classes of cells that encode colour, and another that encodes brightness. Each encodes two complementary colour perceptions. |
Theory that there are _____ different classes of cells that encode _____, and another that encodes _____. Each encodes ____ ____ colour ____. |
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What does opponent process theory account for? |
It accounts for colour afterimages and colours that cannot appear together (reddish green or bluish yellow). |
It accounts for ____ ____ and colours that ____ ____ ___. (____ ____ or ___ ___) |
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What are the receptors in trichromatic colour theory and what are the sensitive to? |
There are 3 types of cone receptors. They are each sensitive to one range of wavelengths. Blue (short) Red (long) |
There are ____ types of ___ receptors. They are each sensitive to ___ ____ of _____. ___ (___) ___ (___) |
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What are colours determined by in trichromatic colour theory? |
Colours are determined by comparing ratio of activation coming from each type. Most colours are a mix (orange). |
Colours are determined by ____ ____ of ____ coming from ___ ___. Most colours are a ___ (___). |
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What is brightness determined by in trichromatic colour theory? |
Brightness is determined by the number of cones activated. |
Brightness is determined by the ___ of ___ ___. |
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What can trichromatic theory not explain? |
Trichromatic theory cannot explain: Why we see afterimages of complementary colours. |
Trichromatic theory cannot explain: Why ___ seems like a ___ ___. Why we see ____ of ____ ____. |
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According to opponent process theory, how to receptors in visual system respond differently to a colour and its complementary colour? |
Receptors in visual system respond positively to one colour and negatively to that complementary colour. |
Receptors in visual system respond ____ to one colour and ____ to that complementary colour. |
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According to opponent process theory, what does colour perception depend on? |
Colour perception depends on bipolar cells that make antagonistic responses to 3 pairs of colours. |
Colour perception depends on ____ ___ that make ____ responses to ___ ___ of ____. |
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What are the colour pairs in bipolar cells? |
Red/green Yellow/blue Black/white |
___/___ ___/___ ___/___ |
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In opponent process theory, what are the categories used to describe basic colours? |
The categories used to describe basic colours are red, green, blue, and yellow. |
The categories used to describe basic colours are ___, ___, ___, and ___. |
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Which theory of colour vision is correct? |
Both theories of colour vision are correct. |
___ ___ of colour vision are correct. |
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How are both theories of colour vision correct? |
We have three types of colour receptors (cones), corresponding to the blue-green-red of trichromatic theory. We also have cells further along the visual pathway (biopolar cells) that respond in antagonistic ways to the pairs predicted in opponent process theory (turned on by red, switched off by green...) |
We have __ types of __ __ (___) corresponding to the ___-___-___ of ___ ___. We also have cells ___ ___ the visual pathways (___ ___) that respond in ____ ways to the ___ predicted in ___ ___ __ (___ ___ by red, ___ ___ by green) |
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What is colour constancy? |
Colour perception is not altered by varying reflected wavelengths (shirt colour across the course of a day) |
Colour perception is ___ ___ by ____ ____ ____ (shirt colour ___ the ___ of a ___) |
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How was colour constancy proved, when, and by who? |
Colour constancy was proved by Land in 1977 in his Mondrian experiment. |
Colour constancy was proved by ___ in ___ in his ____ ____. |
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How did Land's Mondrian experiment work? |
Subjects viewed Mondrians illuminated by various proportions of different wavelengths. |
Subjects viewed ____ illuminated by various proportions of different _____. |
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What is Retinex theory and who proposed it? |
Proposed by Land, Retinex theory says that colour is determined by the proportion of light of different wavelengths that a surface reflects. |
Proposed by ____, Retinex theory says that colour is determined by the ___ of ___ of different ____ that a ____ ____. |
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Are relative wavelengths constant? How does this effect perception? |
Relative wavelengths are constant, so perception is constant. |
Relative wavelengths are ____, so perception is ____. |
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What are dual-opponent colour cells sensitive to? Where can this be found? |
Dual-opponent colour cells are sensitive to colour contrast. Found in cortical 'blobs'. |
Dual-opponent colour cells are sensitive to ___ ____. Found in ___ '___'. |
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What is the flow of visual information? |
Thalamic relay neurons > primary visual cortex (striate) > secondary visual cortex (prestriate) > visual association cortex |
___ ___ ___ > ___ ___ ___ (___) > ___ ___ ___ (___) > ___ ___ ___ |
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What happens as visual information flows through hierarchy, regarding receptive fields? |
Receptive fields become larger and respond to more complex and specific stimuli. |
Receptive fields ___ ___ and respond to ___ ___ and ___ ___. |
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What can damage to the primary visual cortex cause? |
Damage to the primary visual cortex can cause scotomas and blindsight. |
Damage to the primary visual cortex can cause ___ and ___. |
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What are scotomas? How can they be detected? |
Scotomas are areas of blindess in contralateral visual field due to damage to primary visual cortex. They can be detected by perimetry test. |
Scotomas are ___ of ___ in ___ ___ ___ due to ___ to ___ ___ ___. They can be detected by ___ ___. |
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What is completion, regarding scotomas? |
Patients with scotoma may be unaware of their scotoma; missing details are supplied by completion. |
Patients with ___ may be ___ of their ___; missing details are supplied by ___. |
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What is blindsight? |
Blindsight is a response to visual stimuli outside conscious awareness of 'seeing'. |
Blindsight is a ___ to ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ of '___'. |
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What are possible explanations of blindsight? |
Blindsight could be due to: Islands of functional cells within scotoma. Direct connections between subcortical structures and secondary visual cortex; not availble to conscious awareness. |
Blindsight could be due to: ___ of ___ ___ ___ ___. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___; ___ ___. |
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What do neurons in our visual system detect? |
Neurons in our visual system detect: Colour. Motion. |
Neurons in our visual system detect: ___. ___. |
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What do lesions in the visual cortex cause, and how is it organized? |
Lesions in the visual cortex can result in specific deficits. It is retinotopically organized. |
Lesions in the visual cortex can result in ___ ___. It is ___ organized. |
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What are the streams of the visual cortex? |
The dorsal and ventral streams. |
The ___ and ___ streams. |
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From where to where does the dorsal stream go? |
From the primary visual cortex to the dorsal prestriate cortex to the posterior parietal cortex. |
From the ___ ___ __ to the ___ ___ __ to the ___ ___ ___. |
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What does the dorsal stream control? |
It is the 'how/where' pathway that controls location and movement. It is also the pathway for the control of behaviour (reaching). |
It is the '___/___' pathway that controls ___ and ___. It is also the pathway for the control of ___ (___). |
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What can damage to the dorsal stream cause? |
Damage to the dorsal stream can cause the disability to reach for objects that they have no problems describing. |
Damage to the dorsal stream can cause the ___ to ___ for ___ that they have __ ___ ___. |
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From where to where does the ventral stream go? |
From the primary visual cortex to the ventral prestriate cortex to inferotemporal cortex. |
From the ___ ___ ___ to the ___ ___ ___ to ___ ___. |
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What does the ventral stream control? |
It is the 'what' pathway that controls colour and shape. It also controls the conscious perception of objects. |
It is the '___' pathway that controls ___ and ___. It also controls the ___ ___ of ___. |
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What can damage to the ventral stream cause? |
Damage to the ventral stream can result in the ability to be aware of objects in space but the disability to describe them. |
Damage to the ventral stream can result in the ___ to ___ ___ of ___ in ___ but the ___ to ___ ___. |
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What are the two theories regarding the dorsal and ventral streams? |
The two theories are the 'where' vs. 'what' theory and the 'control of behaviour' vs. 'conscious perception' theory. |
Two two theories are the '___' __. '___' theory and the '___ of ___' __. '___ ___' theory. |
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What does the 'where' vs. 'what' theory say that the streams specialize in and predict damage will cause? |
The dorsal stream specializes in visual spatial perception. The ventral stream specializes in visual pattern recognition. Damage to the dorsal stream disrupts visual spatial perception. Damage to the ventral stream disrupts visual pattern recognition. |
The dorsal stream specializes in ___ ___ ___. The ventral stream specializes in ___ ___ ___. Damage to the dorsal stream ___ ___ ___ ___. Damage to the ventral stream ___ ___ ___ ___. |
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What does the 'control of behviour' or 'conscious perception' theory say that the streams specialize in and predict damage will cause? |
The dorsal stream specializes in visually guided behaviour. The ventral stream specializes in conscious visual perception. Damage to the dorsal stream disrupts visually guided behaviour bu tnot conscious visual perception. Damage to the ventral stream disrupts conscious visual perception but not visually guided behaviour. |
The dorsal stream specializes in _____ __ . The ventral stream specializes in __ __ ___ . Damage to the dorsal stream ___ ___ ___ ___ but ___ ___ ___ ___. Damage to the ventral stream ___ ___ ___ ___ but ___ ___ ___ ___. |
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What is agnosia? |
The impairment of visually presented objects. |
The ___ of ___ ___ ___. |
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What is prosopagnosia? |
The inability to distinguish among faces. |
The ____ to ___ ___ ___. |
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What is is prosopagnosia associated with? |
Prosopagnosia is associated with damage to the ventral stream between the occipital and temporal lobes, specifically in the fusiform gyrus. |
Prosopagnosia is associated with ___ to the ___ ___ between the ___ and ___ ___, specifically in the ___ ___. |
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Can prsopagnosiacs recognize faces at all? Why? |
Prosopagnosiacs may be able to recognize faces in the absence of conscious awareness. Prosopagnosiacs have different skin conductance responses to familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces, even though they reported not recognizing any of the faces. |
Prosopagnosiacs ___ ___ ___ to recognize faces in the ___ of ___ ___. Prosopagnosiacs have ___ ___ ___ ___ to familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces, even though they reported __ ___ ___ of the faces. |
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What is akinetopsia? |
Akinetopsia is a deficiency in the ability to see movement progress in a normal, smooth fashion. |
Akinetopsia is a ___ in the ___ to ___ ___ ___ in a ___, ___ ___. |
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What is akinetopsia associated with and what can induce it? |
Akinetopsia is associated with damage to the middle temporal area of the cortex and it can be induced by a high dose of certain antidepressants. |
Akinetopsia is associated with ___ to the ___ ___ ___ of the ___ and it can be induced by a ___ ___ of ___ ___. |
