Psych

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Behaviorist approach

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studies the basic mechanics of learning. Behaviorists are concerned with how behavior changes in response to experience

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Psychometic approach

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measures quantitative differences in abilites that make up intelligence by using test that indicate or predicts these abilities

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Piagetian approach

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looks at changes, or stages, in the quality of cognitive functioning. It is concerned with how the mind structures its actives and adapts to the environment

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Information-Processing approach

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focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. It aims to discover how children process info from the time they encounter it until they use it

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social-contextual approach

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examines the effects of environment aspects of the learning process, particularly the role of parents and other caregivers.

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Intelligent behavior

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is goal orientated and adaptive directed at adjusting to the circumstances of life

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Bayley Scales

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standardized test of infants and toddlers mental and motor development - childs strengths and weaknesses in each of five developmental areas, cog, lang, soc emotional, and adaptive behavior

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Sensoriomotor Stage

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Piaget's theory first stage in cognitive development, during which infants learn through senses and motor activity

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Schemes

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Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior in particular situations

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Circular Reactions

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Piagets term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance

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Invisible/Visible imitation

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limitation with parts of ones's body that one cannot see. Imitation with parts of one body that one can see.

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A not B error

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Tendency for 8-12 month old infants to search for a hidden object in a place where they perviously found it rather than in the place where they most recently saw it

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Dual representation Hypothesis

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Proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.

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Habituation

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Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response

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Violation of expectations

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Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising

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Implicit memory

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unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory

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Explicit Memory

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intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events

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Working Memory

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Short- Term storage of information being actively processed

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Holophrase

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single work that conveys a complete thought

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Syntax

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rules for forming sentences in a particular language

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Telegraphic speech

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early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words

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Personality

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relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought and behavior that makes each person unique.

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Self-Awareness

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realization that ones existence and functioning are separate from those of other people

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altruistic behavior

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activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward

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Social Cognition

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ability of understand that other people have mental states and to gauge their feelings and intentions

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Egocentrism

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Term for inability to consider another person's point of view, a characteristic of young children's thought

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Temperament

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characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations

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Easy/Difficult/Slowt to warm up children

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Easy= children with a generally happy temperament, regular bio rhythms, and a rediness to accept new experiences
Diff- irritable temp, irregular bio , intense emotional responses
slow- children whose temp is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences

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basic trust vs mistrust

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eriksons first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects

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strange situation

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lab technique use to study infant attachment

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secure attachment

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pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to find comfort from a caregiver when faced with a stressful situatoin

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avoidance attachment

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pattern in which an infant rarely cires when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return

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ambivalent attachement

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pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, its extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resistance contact on his or her return

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disorganize-disoriented attachment

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pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory behaviors on her or her return

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mutual regulation

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process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately

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still-face paradigm

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procedure use to measure mutual regulation in infants 2-9 months old. face expresion

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self concept

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sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits

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autonomy vs shame and doubt

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second stage in psychosocial development in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others

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socialization

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development of habits, skills , values, and motives, shared by responsible, productive members of society

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internalization

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during socialization process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own

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self regulation

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a person independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations

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committed compliance

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Kochanskas term for wholehearted obedience of a parents orders without reminders or relapses

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situational compliance

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K. term for obedience of a parents orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control

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receptive cooperatoin

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k. term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene and play

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gender typing

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socialization process by which children at an early age learn appropriate gender roles

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Pre operational stage

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piaget theory the second major stage of cognitive development in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic

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symbolic function

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piagets term for ability to use mental representations (Words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning

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pretend play

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Imaginary people or situatoins

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transduction

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piaget term pre operational child's tendency to mentally link particular experiences, whether or not there is logically a casual relationship

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animism

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tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

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egocentrism

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piagets term for an inability to consider another persons point of view

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decenter

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piagets idea to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation

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centration

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piagets theory tendency of pre operational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

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encoding

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information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval

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storage

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retention of info in memory for future use

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retrieval

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information is accessed or recalled from memory storage

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sensory memory

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initial, breif, temporary storage of sensory info

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working memory

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short term storage of info being actively processed

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executive function

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conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve prob.

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central executive

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baddeleys model, element of working memory that controls the processing of info

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long-term memory

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storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds info for long term

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generic memory

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produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior

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episodic memory

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long term memory of specific experiences or events linked to time and place

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autobiographical memory

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a type of episodic memory of distinctive experiences that form a person lifes history

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stanford binet intelligence scale

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intelligence test for ages two and up used to measure knowledge quantitative reasoning, visual spatial processing and working memory (maze)

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wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence

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intelligence test for children ages 2 1/2 to seven that yields verbal and performance scores as well as combined scores (reasoning)

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zone of prox development

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term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help

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fast mapping

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process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation

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private speech

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talking aloud to ones self with no intent to communicate with others

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emergent literacy

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developmental of skills knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing

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universal preschool

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a national system for early care and educatoin that makes access to preschool similar to kindergarten by using hte public schools

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self definition

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cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself

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single representations

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in neo piagetian term first stage in development of self definition in which children describe themselves in terms of individual unconnected characteristics and in all or nothing terms

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representational mapping

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second stage in development of self-definition in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all or nothing terms

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self esteem

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judgment of person takes about his or him self

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initiative vs guilt

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eriksons third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservation that may prevent carrying the mout

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gender roles

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behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex

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gender stereotypes

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preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior

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identification

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frudian theory when a young child adopts characteristics beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex

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gender schema

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children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally org. network of info about what it means to be a particular sex in that culture

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social cog. theory

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albert banduras expansion of social learning theory holds that children learn gender roles through socialization

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corporal punishment

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used of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior

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psychological aggression

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verbal attack that may result in psychological harm

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inductive tech

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disciplinary tech designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness.

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power assertion

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disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control

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authoritarian parenting

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parenting style emphasizing control and obedience

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permissive parenting

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parenting style emphasizing self expression and self regulation

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authoritative parenting

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parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child individuality with an effort to instill social values

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prosocial behavior

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any voluntary behavior intended to help others

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instrumental aggression

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agressive behavior used a means of achieving a goal

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relational agression

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aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another persons relationships