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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
The science of behavior and mental processes |
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Positive psychology |
Focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience. |
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Biological psychology |
Analyze the biological influences on behavior and mental processes. |
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Cognitive psychology |
Study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. |
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Engineering psychology |
Study human factors in the use of equipment and help designers create better versions of that equipment. |
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Developmental psychology |
Seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes chafe over a lifetime. |
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Personality psychology |
Sissy the characteristics that make individuals similar and different from one another. |
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Clinical and counseling psychology |
Sell to assess, understand, and change abnormal behaviors. |
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Community psychology |
Work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for change on social systems. |
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Health psychology |
Study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and vice versa. |
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Educational psychology |
Study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods |
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School psychology |
Test IQs, diagnose students academic problems, and set up programs to improve students achievement. |
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IO psychology |
Study ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction among workers and the organizations that employ them. |
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Quantitative psychology |
Develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data. |
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Forensic psychology |
Assist in jury selection, evacuate defendants mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psych and the law. |
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Sports psychology |
Explore the relationships between athletic performance and such psychological variables as motivation and emotion. |
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Environmental psychology |
Study the effects of the physical environment on behavior and mental processes. |
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Neuroscience |
Scientific study of all levels of the nervous system, including neuro anatomy, neuro chemisty, neurology, neurophysiology,and neuropharmachology. |
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Consciousness |
The awareness of external stimuli and our own mental activity. |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Established the first formal psychological research laboratory on Germany. Emphasized the consciousness and started the idea of structuralism. |
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Edward Titchner |
Used introspection and named his approach structuralism. |
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Fechner and Helmholtz |
Psychophysics |
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Max Wertheimer |
Gestalt psychology |
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Freud |
Psychoanalysis |
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Watson and Skinner |
Behavoralism |
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Structuralism |
Study conscious experience and it's structure. Uses experiments and introspection. |
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Gestalt |
The whole is different from the sum of its parts. Uses observation of sensory-perceptual phenomena. |
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Psychoanalysis |
Explain personality and behavor and develop techniques for treating mental disorders. Uses case studies. |
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Functionalism |
To study how the mind wields in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment. Uses naturalistic observation. |
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William James |
Functionalism. |
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Behaviorism |
To study only observable behavior and explain behavior through learning principles. Uses observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli abs behavioral responses. |
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Operational definition |
A statement that defines the exact operations or methods used in research. |
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Statistical reliability |
The degree to which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly. |
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Statistical validity |
The degree to which evidence from a test or other research method measures which it is supposed to measure. |
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Nervous system |
A complex combination of cells who's primary function is to allow an organism to gain information about what is going on inside and outside the body and to respond appropriately. |
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Neurons |
Fundamental units of the nervous system |
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Glial cells |
Cells that hold neurons together and help then communicate with one another |
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Axons |
Fibers that carry signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons. |
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Dendrites |
Neuron fibers that receive signals from the axons of other neurons and carry those signals to the cell body. |
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Action potential |
An abrupt wave of electrochemical charges traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized. |
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Refractory period |
A short rest period between action potentials |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemicals that assist in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another. |
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Synapses |
The tiny gaps between neurons across which they communicate. |
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Receptors |
Sit where neurotransmitters bind based on shape. |
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Central nervous system |
Parts of nervous system encased in bone, specifically the brain and spinal cord. |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Parts not encased in bone |
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Somatic nervous system |
Subsystem of the PNS that transmits information from the senses to the CNS and carries signals from the CNS to the muscles. |
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Autonomic nervous system |
Subsystem of the PNS that carries messages between the CNS and the heart,lungs, and other organs and glands. |
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Sympathetic nervous system |
Subsystem of the ANS that readies the body for vigorous activities. |
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Parasympathetic nervous system |
Subsystem of the ANS that typically influences activity related to protection, nourishment, and growth of the body. |
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Medulla |
Controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and other vital functions. |
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Reticular formation |
Network of cells and fibers threaded throughout the hindbrain abs midbrain that gives alertness and arousal to the rest of the brain. |
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Locus coeruleus |
Small nucleus in the reticular formation that is involved in direction attention |
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Cerebellum |
Controls coordination and stores memories. |
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Thalamus |
Sensory relay station |
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Hypothalamus |
Hunger, temperature, and sex drive |
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Amygdala |
Memory and emotion |
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Hippocampus |
Transfers short term memory to long term memory |
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Cerebral cortex |
Outer surface of the brain |
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Corpus callosum |
Connects the left and right hemispheres and allows them to communicate. |
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Sensory cortex |
Parts of the cerebral cortex that receive stimulus information from the senses. |
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Motor cortex |
Part of the cerebral cortex whose neurons control voluntary movements in specific parts of the body. |
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Wernickes area |
Speech interpretation |
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Brocas area |
Speech formation |
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Association cortex |
Combines sensory and motor information to perform complex cognitive tasks. |
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EEG |
Measures neuron activity using electrical fields |
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PET scan |
Radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream that measures the the amount and location of a substance. |
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MRI |
Magnetic field measures radio frequency waves in the brain. |
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FMRI |
Provides images of changes in neural activity. |
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TMS |
Temporarily affects electrical activity of a small region of brain by exposing it to an intense magnetic field. |
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Optogenetics |
Genes are inserted into neurons to allow channels in the cell membranes to open it close in response to light, thus making action potentials more, or less, likely. |
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Acetylcholine |
Memory and movement. Alzheimers disease. |
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Norepinephrine |
Mood, sleep, learning. Depression. |
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Serotonin |
Mood, appetite, impulsivity. Depression. |
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Dopamine |
Movement, reward. Parkinsons, schizophrenia. |
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GABA |
Sleep, movement. Anxiety, Huntingtons, epilepsy. |
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Glutamate |
Memory. Damage after strokes. |
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Endorphins |
Pain control. |
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Fight or flight reaction |
A physical reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system that prepares the body to fight or to run from a threatening situation. |
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Perception |
The process through which people take raw sensations from the environment and give them meaning using knowledge, experience, and understanding of the world. |
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Transduction |
The process of converting incoming physical energy into neural activity. |
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Neural receptors |
Cells that are specialized to detect certain types of energy and convert it into neural activity. |
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Sensory adaptation |
Decreasing responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus. |
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Encoding |
Translation of the physical properties of a stimulus into a specific pattern of neural activity. |
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Just noticeable difference |
The smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy. |
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Trichromatic theory |
Information from three types of visual elements combines to produce the sensation of color. |
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Opponent process theory |
The visual elements that are sensitive to color are grouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white pairs. |
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Learning |
The modification of preexisting behavior and understanding. |
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Habitation |
Reduced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus. |
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Classical conditioning |
A procedure in which a neural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers an automatic response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to trigger a similar response. |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
A stimulus that triggers a response without conditioning. |
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Unconditioned response |
The automatic, unlearned, reaction to a stimulus. |
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Conditioned stimulus |
An originally neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response. |
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Conditioned response |
The response triggered by the conditioned stimulus. |
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Extinction |
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response. |
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Reconditioning |
The relearning of a conditioned response following extinction. |
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Spontaneous recovery |
The temporary reappearance of a conditioned respo after extinction. |
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Stimulus generalization |
A process in which a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus. |
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Stimulus discrimination |
A process through which people learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and response appropriately to each one. |
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Operant conditioning |
A process in which responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing consequences. |
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Operant |
A response that has some effect on the world. |
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Reinforcer |
A stimulus event that increases the probability that the response immediately preceding it will occur. |
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Positive reinforcers |
Stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response. |
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Negative reinforcer |
The removal of unpleasant stimuli. |
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Reinforcement |
The process through which a particular response is made more likely to recur. |
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Shaping |
The reinforcement of responses that come successively closer to some desired response. |
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Primary reinforcers |
Events or stimuli that satisfy physiological needs basic to survival. |
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Secondary reinforcers |
Rewards that people or animals learn to like. |
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Punishment |
The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant one following some behavior. |
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Learned helplessness |
A process in which a person or animal animal stops trying to exert control after experience suggests that no control is possible. |
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Insight |
A sudden understanding of what is required to solve a problem. |
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Observational learning |
Learning how to perform new behaviors by watching others. |
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Encoding |
The process of putting information into a form that the memory system can accept and use. |
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Storage |
The process of maintaining information in the memory over time. |
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Retrieval |
The process of finding information stored in memory. |
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Recall |
Retrieving information stored in memory without much help from retrieval cues. |
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Recognition |
Retrieving information stored in memory with the help of retrieval cues. |
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Episodic memory |
Memory for events in one's own past. |
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Procedural memory |
A type of memory containing information about how to do things. |
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Explicit memory |
Information retrieved through a conscious effort to remember something. |
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Implicit memory |
The unintentional recollection and influence of prior memories. |
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Maintenance rehearsal |
A memorization method that involves repeating information over Anna over to keep it in memory. |
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Elaborative rehearsal |
A memorization method that relates new information to information already stored in memory. |
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Transfer appropriate processing |
A model that suggests that memory depends on how the encoding process matches up with what is layer retrieved. |
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Information processing model |
Suggests that information must pass through sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory in order to be firmly embedded in memory. |
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Information processing model |
Suggests that information must pass through sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory in order to be firmly embedded in memory. |
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Sensory memory |
A type of memory that is very brief but lays long enough to connect one impression to the next. |
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Iconic memory |
The sensory register for visual information. |
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Short term memory |
A stage of memory in which information normally lasts less than 20 seconds, a component of working memory. |
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Working memory |
Memory that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short term memory. |
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Chucking |
Organizing individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of meaningful information. |
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Long term memory |
The stage of memory that researchers believe has unlimited capacity to store new information. |
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Encoding specificity principle |
The ability of a cue to aid in retrieval depends on how well it traps into information that was originally encoded. |
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Context specify memory |
Memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the contexts in which they are learned and recalled. |
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State dependent memory |
Memory that is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a person's internal state during learning versus recall. |
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Schemas |
Mental representations of categories of objects, places, events, and people. |
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Repressed memory |
A painful memory that is said to be kept out of consciousness by psychological processes. |
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Anterograde amnesia |
A loss of memory for events that occur after a brain injury. |
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Retrograde amnesia |
A loss of memory for events that occur before a brain injury. |
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Mnemonic strategies |
Methods for organizing information in order to remember it. |
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Distributed practice |
Learning new information in many study sessions that are spaced across time. |
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Massed practice |
Trying to learn complex new information in a single long study period. |
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Information processing system |
Mechanisms for retrieving information, representing it with symbols, and manipulating it. |
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Thinking |
The manipulation of mental representations. |
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Prototype |
The best or most common representation. |
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Prototype |
The best or most common representation. |
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Scripts |
Mental representations of familiar sequences of activity. |
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Cognitive map |
A mental model that represents familiar parts of the environment. |
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Algorithms |
Systematic procedures that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem. |
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Heuristics |
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that do not always lead to the right conclusion. |
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Anchoring heuristic |
A shortcut in the thought process that involves adding new information to existing information to reach a judgment. |
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Representative heuristics |
A mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class. |
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Availability heuristic |
A mental shortcut through which judgments are based on information that is most easily brought to mind. |
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Mental set |
A tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist. |
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Functional fixedness |
The tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways. |
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Confirmation bias |
The tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one's hypothesis about a problem that to evidence that refutes that hypothesis. |
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Artificial intelligence |
The field that studies how to program computers to imitate the products of human perception, understanding, and thought. |
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Divergent thinking |
The ability to generate many different solutions to a problem. |
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Convergent thinking |
The ability to apply the rules of logic and what one knows about the world to narrow down the possible solutions to a problem. |
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Language |
Symbols (and a set of rules for combining them) tar are used as a means of communicating. |
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Grammar |
A set of rules for combining symbols, such as words, used in a given language. |
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Phoneme |
The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech. |
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Morpheme |
The smallest unit of language that has meaning. |
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Intelligence |
Personal attributes that center around skill at information processing, problem solving, and adapting to new or changing environments. |
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Mental age |
A score corresponding to the age level of the most advanced items a cold could answer correctly on benets first intelligence test. |
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Stanford-Binet intelligence scale |
A year for determining a person's IQ. |
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IQ |
An index of intelligence that reflects the degree to which a person's score on an intelligence test deviates from the average score of others in the same age group. |
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Fluid intelligence |
The basic power of reasoning and problem solving. |
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Crystallized intelligence |
The specific knowledge gained as a result of applying fluid knowledge. |
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Preconscious level |
The level of consciousness at which reside mental events that are not currently conscious but can become conscious at will. |
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Unconscious |
The term used to describe a level of mental activity said by Freud to contain unacceptable sexual, aggressive, abs other impulses of which an individual is unaware. |
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Subconscious |
Another term that describes the mental level at which influential but normally inaccessible mental processes take place. |
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Stages of sleep |
1,2,3,4,3,2,1,REM |
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Insomnia |
A sleep disorder in which a person does not get enough sleep to feel rested. |
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Narcolepsy |
A daytime sleep disorder in which a person suddenly switches from an active waking state into REM sleep. |
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Sleep apnea |
Sleep disorder in which a person briefly but repeatedly stops breathing during the night. |
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SIDS |
A disorder in which a sleeping baby stops breathing, does now awaken, and dies. |
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Sleepwalking |
Waking while asleep, generally occurs in stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. |
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Nightmares |
Frightening dreams that take place during REM sleep. |
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Night terrors |
Horrific dream images occurring in stage 4 sleep, followed by rapid awakening and a state of intense fear. |
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REM behavor disorder |
Decreased muscle tone in REM sleep dies not appear, thus allowing dreams to be acted out. |
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Circadian rhythm |
A cycle, such as waking abs sleeping, that repeats about once a day. Biological clock. |
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Sleep deprivation |
A condition in which people do not get enough sleep, it may result in reduced cognitive abilities, inattention, and increased risk of accidents. |
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Lucid dreaming |
Being aware that a dream is a dream while it is occurring. |
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Hypnosis |
A phenomenon that is brought on by special techniques and is characterized by varying degrees of responsiveness to suggestions for charges in a person's behavor and experiences. |
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State theory of hypnosis |
Theory proposing that hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness. |
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Nonstate theories of hypnosis |
Hypnosis does not create an altered state of consciousness. Ex: role theory. |
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Agonist |
Drugs that bind to a receptor and mimic the effects of neurotransmitters that normally fit in that receptor. |
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Antagonist |
Drugs that bind to a receptor and block neurotransmitters. |
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Addiction |
Development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug. |
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Drug withdrawal |
A set of symptoms associated with ending the use of an addictive substance. |
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Drug tolerance |
A condition which increasingly larger drug doses are needed to produce a given effect. |
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CNS depressant drugs |
Psychoactive drugs that inhibit the functioning of the CNS. |
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CNS stimulating drugs |
Psychoactive drugs that increase behavior and mental activity. |
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Opiates |
Psychoactive drugs that produce both sleep inducing and pain relieving effects. |
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Hallucinogenic drugs |
Psychoactive drugs that alter consciousness by producing a temporary loss of contact with reality and changes in emotion, perception, and thought. |
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List of CNS depressants |
Alcohol, barbiturates, GHB. |
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List of CNS stimulating drugs |
Amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, MDMA (ecstasy). |
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List of opiates |
Opium, morphine, heroin. |
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List of hallucinogenic drugs |
LSD, katamine, Marijuana |
