Psych 2

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

the process by which an organism responds to stimulus

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

the process of sorting, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from our sensory organs

Front 3

How info from outside world gets represented in our brains

Back 3

1) Objects emit stimuli, 2) Sensory organs detect stimuli, encode it into neural info and send it to particular areas of the brain, 3) Brain receives neural info, organizes and interprets it as a perceptual experience

Front 4

Types of sensation

Back 4

Vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, kinesthesis, vestibular sense

Front 5

Steps of Sensation

Back 5

1) Accessory structures modify the stimulus, 2) Transduction- converts incoming energy into neural activity, 3) Sensory nerve transfers the coded activity to the CNS, 4) Thalamus processes and relays neural response, 5) Cortex receives input and produces the sensation

Front 6

Top-down processing

Back 6

Knowledge and expectations guide recognition (bias)

Front 7

Bottom-down processing

Back 7

recognition stem from sensory receptors and is then assembled into a whole

Front 8

Wavelength

Back 8

distance between peaks, hues

Front 9

Amplitude

Back 9

Height of waves, brightness of colors

Front 10

Purity

Back 10

number of different wavelengths that make up the color, saturation

Front 11

Cornea

Back 11

transparent covering at the front of the eye, provides protection and support

Front 12

Pupil

Back 12

Small opening through which light flows into the eye, changes in size depending on the amount of light that is let into the eye

Front 13

Iris

Back 13

Colored area surrounding pupil; muscle that dilates and contracts the pupil

Front 14

Lens

Back 14

Focuses incoming light by changing its curvature

Front 15

Retina

Back 15

light-sensitive surface on back of eyeball onto which the image is focused

Front 16

Rods

Back 16

Distinguish black, white and shades of grey, helps with "night vision", 120 million of them located around the periphery of the retina

Front 17

Cones

Back 17

Color and do well in bright light, 6-8 million mostly in the fovea (center of the retina)

Front 18

Sequence of Vision

Back 18

Light energy, retina, rods & cones, neural signals, bipolar and ganglion cells, optic nerve, occipital lobe

Front 19

Saccade Movements

Back 19

Eyes constantly move back and forth- Image on retina constantly changes, stable and fluid perception, and neurons can reload and fire

Front 20

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

Back 20

three types of cones- one red (long wavelengths), one green, one blue (short wavelengths)

Front 21

Hering's Opponent Process Theory

Back 21

6 basic colors into separate receptor pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)

Front 22

Depth Perception

Back 22

Allows you to see objects in 3D, even though images land on the retina in 2D

Front 23

Classic Conditioning

Back 23

Learning via Association

Front 24

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 24

Stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response (Pavlov's Dogs- food)

Front 25

Unconditioned Response

Back 25

The unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (Pavlov's Dogs- salivation toward food)

Front 26

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 26

Originally irrelevant stimulus that, when paired with UCS, elicits a conditioned response (Pavlov's Dogs- bell)

Front 27

Conditioned Response

Back 27

Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (Pavlov's Dogs- salivation toward bell)

Front 28

Stimulus Generalization

Back 28

Tendency once a response is conditioned for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses (Little Albert afraid of all fuzzy things, even though loud noises only associated with fuzzy bunnies)

Front 29

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 29

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an UCA

Front 30

Extinction

Back 30

The diminishing of a CR, happens when an UCS does not follow a CS

Front 31

Reconditioning

Back 31

Fewer trials are needed to elicit a reliable CR

Front 32

Law of Effect

Back 32

If a response is made in the presence of a particular stimulus and is rewarded, that response is more likely in the future

Front 33

Operant Conditioning

Back 33

Cause and effect

Front 34

Operants

Back 34

a response that has some effect on the world

Front 35

Reinforcers

Back 35

Increase the likelihood that an operant behavior will occur

Front 36

Positive Reinforcers

Back 36

Rewards

Front 37

Negative Reinforcers

Back 37

Unpleasant stimulus that strengthens a response if they are removed after the response occurs (seatbelt sound, take aspirin)

Front 38

Escape and avoidance conditioning

Back 38

learn to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus (parents give in to whining child)

Front 39

Discriminative stimuli

Back 39

learned ability to distinguish between outcomes - reward vs. punishment - for various operants

Front 40

Shaping

Back 40

reinforcing successive approximations of the behavior

Front 41

Primary reinforcers

Back 41

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food pellets)

Front 42

Secondary reinforcers

Back 42

Previously neutral stimulus that if paired with stimulus that is already reinforcing, will in itself take on reinforcing properties

Front 43

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 43

Desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

Front 44

Intermittent Reinforcement

Back 44

Reinforcing a response is only part of the time

Front 45

Observational Learning

Back 45

an individual observes another person engage in a particular behavior

Front 46

Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment

Back 46

Aggression is learned, not innate

Front 47

ABC's of Behavior

Back 47

Antecedents (stimuli before and influence the behavior), Behaviors (The acts themselves), Consequences (Events that follow the behavior)

Front 48

Premack Principle

Back 48

Use high-probability behaviors to reinforce lower-probability behaviors (make kids eat vegetables before dessert, clean your room before you go out)

Front 49

Punishments

Back 49

Must be done immediately, most effective when combined with other methods, always a last resort

Front 50

ABAB Experimental Designs

Back 50

A: Baseline Condition (normal behavior)

B: Intervention Condition (behavior under reinforcement conditions)

Front 51

Stage One of Sleep

Back 51

Hallucinations, weightlessness

Front 52

Stage Two

Back 52

Bursts of rapid brain wave activity, sleep talking, half of the whole night

Front 53

Stage Three

Back 53

Transition between three and four, large and slow delta waves

Front 54

Stage Four

Back 54

Bed Wetting, sleep walking

Front 55

REM sleep

Back 55

Heart rate rises, eyes dart around, brain stem blocks the motor cortex, paralysis

Front 56

Dopamine

Back 56

Most drugs release it