Psych 133 Ch8

Front 1

What is the term for the study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span?

Back 1

Developmental Psychology

Front 2

Re: development
What are the 2 age-old questions?

Back 2

1. Which is more important, heredity or environment?
2. Does development happen in stages?

Front 3

What is the term for a person's capacity to bounce back?

Back 3

Resiliance

Front 4

What does the term, "quatatively" refer to?

Back 4

Something that can be measured

Front 5

What does the term qualitative refer to?

Back 5

Something that can be described

Front 6

What are the 2 approaches developmental psychologists use?

Back 6

1. longitudinal study
2. cross-sectional study

Front 7

What is the type of developmental study in which the same group of participants is followed and measured at different ages?

Back 7

Longitudinal study

Front 8

What is the type of developmental study in which researchers compare groups of participants of different ages on various characteristics to determine age related differences?

Back 8

Cross-sectional study

Front 9

What type of study follows the same group of participants, measured at different ages, over a period of years?

Back 9

Longitudinal study

Front 10

What type of study allows researchers to observe age-related changes in individuals?

Back 10

Longitudinal study

Front 11

Which is more expensive, longitudinal study or cross-sectional study?

Back 11

Longitudinal study is usually more expensive

Front 12

What is the term for effects that effect a group that have more to do with the eras in which the subjects grow up?

Back 12

Cohort effect

Front 13

Developmental psychologists study changes that happen during when?

Back 13

The entire lifespan

Front 14

One of the controversies in developmental psychology is whether development occurs in __________

Back 14

Stages.

Front 15

The finding that older children think more logically than younger children is an example of what kind of change?

Back 15

Qualitative

Front 16

The following characteristics are identified with what kind of studies:
1. groups of different ages are tested at the same time;
2. the less expensive of the 2 research methods
3. differences may be due to factors other than development, such as the era in which participants grew up

Back 16

Cross-sectional study

Front 17

The following characteristics are identified with what kind of studies:
1. a single group is studied at different times;
2. the method that can reveal individual change over time;
3. particpants may drop out or die

Back 17

Longitudinal study

Front 18

What is the term for the stage of development that occurs between conception and birth and consists of 3 stages: germinal, ebryonic, and fetal?

Back 18

Prenatal development

Front 19

What is the term for the single cell that forms when a pserm and egg unite?

Back 19

Zygote

Front 20

What is the term for the developing human organism during the period from week 3 thought week 8, when the major systems, organ,s and structures of the body develop?

Back 20

Embryo

Front 21

What is the term for the developing human organism during the period from week 9 until birth, when rapid growth and further development of the structures, organs, and systems of the body occur?

Back 21

Fetus

Front 22

T or F
Several studies have shown that newborns remember sounds that they were exposed to as fetuses?

Back 22

True

Front 23

T or F
On average, male fetuses are more physically active than females?

Back 23

True

Front 24

At what stage does the zygote attach to the uterine lining and is the size of the period at the end of this sentence?

Back 24

Germinal

Front 25

At what stage of prenatal development do the major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop?

Back 25

Embryonic

Front 26

At the end of what stage do the first bone cells appear?

Back 26

Embryonic

Front 27

At the end of what stage of prenatal development is "it" about 1 inch long?

Back 27

Embryonic

Front 28

During what stage of development is there rapid growth and further development of the body structures, organs, and systems?

Back 28

Fetal

Front 29

At approx. what week of development is birth anticipated?

Back 29

38th week

Front 30

What is the term for viruses and other harmful agents that can have a negative impact on prenatal development?

Back 30

Teratogens

Front 31

Cite examples of teratogens that can negatively impact prenatal development?

Back 31

1. viral diseases such as rubella, chicken pox, HIV
2. drugs
3. x-rays
4. environmental toxins

Front 32

What does a teratogen's impact depend on?

Back 32

1. intensity and
2. time that it occurs during prenatal development

Front 33

What is the term for a period during the embryonic stage when certain body structures are developing and can be harmed by negative influences in the prentatal environment?

Back 33

Critical period

Front 34

What is the term for a condition that is caused by maternal alcohol intake early in prenatal development and that leads to facial deformities as well as mental retardation?

Back 34

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Front 35

What is the term for the condition that can result in facial deformities that include unusually wide-set eyes?

Back 35

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 36

What is the term for a weight at birth of less than 5.5 pounds?

Back 36

Low birth weight

Front 37

What is the term for infants who are born early, specifically before 38 weeks gestation?

Back 37

Preterm infants

Front 38

What is the term for infants who have birth weights lower than expected for their gestational age?

Back 38

Small-for-date infants
aka
small for gestational age

Front 39

Which type of low birth weight infant is likely to have impairments and challenges?

Back 39

Small-for-date infants

Front 40

What stage of prenatal development is during the 1st 2 weeks?

Back 40

germinal

Front 41

What stage of prenatal development is during the development of major organ systems, organs, and structures of the body?

Back 41

embryonic

Front 42

What stage of prenatal development is during rapid growth and further development of body structures and systems?

Back 42

Fetal

Front 43

T or F
Studies have shown that highly active fetuses grow into young children who are very active.

Back 43

True

Front 44

Fetal variations in ______________ are related to the diagnosis of hyperactivity during childhood.

Back 44

Activity levels

Front 45

A teratogen is most likely to cause defects during what stage because many body structures are at critical periods of development during this time?;

Back 45

Embryonic

Front 46

What is the term for a newborn infant up to 1 month old?

Back 46

Neonate

Front 47

What is the term for inborn, unlearned, automatic responses, (such as blinking, sucking and grasping) to certain environmental stimuli?

Back 47

Reflexes

Front 48

What happens when you stroke a baby on the cheek?

Back 48

Rooting reflex

Front 49

What is the term for the reflex that a baby displays when it's cheek is gently stroked?

Back 49

Rooting reflex

Front 50

What happens when a baby displays the rooting reflex?

Back 50

The baby opens its mouth and actively searches for nipple

Front 51

What is the term for each infant's own genetically determined, biological pattern of development?

Back 51

Maturation

Front 52

Physical and motor development proceed from what part of the body?

Back 52

The head downward to the trunk and legs

Front 53

T or F
Control of the arms develop before control of the fingers.

Back 53

True

Front 54

T or F
Speeding up infant motor development has no effect on a child's future physical abilities.

Back 54

True

Front 55

At what stage does an infant lifts its head?

Back 55

2 months

Front 56

At what stage does an infant roll over?

Back 56

3 months

Front 57

At what stage does an infant sit propped up

Back 57

3 months

Front 58

At what stage does an infant sit without support?

Back 58

6 months

Front 59

At what stage does an infant stand holding onto something?

Back 59

7 months

Front 60

At what stage does an infant walk holding onto something?

Back 60

9 months

Front 61

At what stage does an infant stand momentarily without holding on?

Back 61

10 month

Front 62

At what stage does an infant stand alone?

Back 62

11 months

Front 63

At what stage does an infant walk alone?

Back 63

12 months

Front 64

At what stage does a child walk backwards?

Back 64

14 months

Front 65

At what stage does a child walk up steps?

Back 65

17 months

Front 66

At what stage does a child kick a ball forward?

Back 66

18 months

Front 67

At what age does a child's vision reach 20/20?

Back 67

@ 2 years

Front 68

T or F
At birth, a baby has good farsight?

Back 68

False

Front 69

What is the term for an apparatus used to measure infants' ability to perceive depth?

Back 69

Visual cliff

Front 70

What is the term for a decrease in response or attention to a stimulus as an infant becomes accustomed to it?

Back 70

Habituation

Front 71

T or F
At birth, a newborn's hearing is much better developed than its sight.

Back 71

True

Front 72

What is the term for a person's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment?

Back 72

Temperament

Front 73

What type of temperament describes children who had generally pleasant moods, were adaptable, approached new situations and people positively, and established regular sleeping, eating, and elimination patterns?

Back 73

Easy children

Front 74

What type of temperament describes children who had generally unpleasant moods, reacted negatively to new situations and people, were intense in their emotional reactions, and showed irregularity of bodily functions?

Back 74

difficult children

Front 75

What type of temperament describes children who tended to withdraw were slow to adapt, and were prone to negative emotional states

Back 75

Slow-to-warm-up children

Front 76

T or F
Research reveals that heredity has a huge influence on temperament.

Back 76

True

Front 77

What is the term for the early,, close relationship formed between infant and caregiver?

Back 77

Attachment

Front 78

In experiments, what was shown to form the basis of the infant monkey's attachment to its mother?

Back 78

Contact comfort

Front 79

What is the term for the fear and distress shown by infants and toddlers when the parent leaves, occuring from 8 to 24 months and reaching a peak between 12 and 18 months?

Back 79

separation anxiety

Front 80

What is the term for a fear of strangers common in infants at about 6 or 7 months of age, which increases in intensity until @ 12.5 months and then it declines?

Back 80

Stranger anxiety

Front 81

What are the 4 patterns of attachment that Ainsworth identified:

Back 81

1. secure
2. avoidant
3. resistant
4. disorganized/disoriented

Front 82

What Ainsworth pattern of attachment is when an infant shows distress on separation from mother and happiness when mother returns, the infant uses mother as safe base for exploration?

Back 82

Secure

Front 83

What Ainsworth pattern of attachment is when an infant does not show distress when mother leaves and they are indifferent when mother returns?

Back 83

Avoidant

Front 84

What Ainsworth pattern of attachment is when infants may cling to mother beofre she leaves and show anger when mother reutrns, may push mother away; do not explore environment when mother is present; difficult to comfort when upset?

Back 84

Resistant

Front 85

What Ainsworth pattern of attachment is when infants may show distress when mother leaves and alternate between happiness, indifference, and anger when mother returns; often look away from mother or look at mother with expressionless face

Back 85

Disorganized/disoriented

Front 86

T or F
Some studies show that depression in the mother is related to insecure attachment.

Back 86

True

Front 87

T or F
Variations in the quality of infant attachment persist into adulthood and predict behavior.

Back 87

True

Front 88

T or F
Children who experience regular interaction with their fathers tend to have higher IQs and to do better in social situations and at coping with frustration than children lacking such interaction.

Back 88

True

Front 89

What is the main factor in motor development?

Back 89

Maturation

Front 90

What sense is better developed at birth than vision?

Back 90

Hearing

Front 91

What effect describes 2-month old Carter was entranced by the multicolored ball in his crib for a couple of days, but then seemed to lose interest?

Back 91

Habituation
(key word Habit)

Front 92

What type of temperaments do children who have pleasant moods and positive attitudes toward new situations?

Back 92

Easy temperatments

Front 93

Ainsworth found that most children have what type of attachment?

Back 93

Secure attachments

Front 94

Fathers help children develop a sense of _____________________________

Back 94

individual identity

Front 95

What is the term for the foundation of cognitive development?

Back 95

Schemes

Front 96

What is Piaget's term for a mental process that uses specific experiences to make inferences that can be generalized to new experiences?

Back 96

Organization

Front 97

What is the term for a plan of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances?

Back 97

Schemes

Front 98

What is the term for the mental process by which new objects, events, experiences and information are incorporated into existing schemes?

Back 98

Assimilation

Front 99

What is the term for the mental process that motivates humans to keep schemes in balance with the real environment?

Back 99

Equilibration

Front 100

What is the the term for the mental process of modifying existing schemes and creating new ones in order to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, and information?

Back 100

Accommodation

Front 101

What was Piaget's primary research method?

Back 101

1.To observe children in natural settings,
2. formulate hypotheses about their behavior and
3. devise problems that would allow him to test his hypothese

Front 102

List the Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development:

Back 102

1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operations
4. formal operations

Front 103

What is the name of Piaget's 1st stage of cognitive development in which infants gain an understanding of their world through their senses and their motor activities?

Back 103

Sensorimotor

Front 104

What is the age span for Paiget's 1st stage of cognitive development, the sensorimotor development?

Back 104

Birth - 2 years old

Front 105

What is the name of Paiget's stage of cognitive development that culminates with the development of object permanence and the beginning of representational thought?

Back 105

Sensorimotor

Front 106

What is the term according to Piaget for the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight?

Back 106

Object permanence

Front 107

What marks the end of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

Back 107

Object permanence

Front 108

What is the name of Piaget's 2nd stage of cognitive development?

Back 108

Preoperational stage

Front 109

What is the name of Piaget's stage of cognitive development that ranges in age 2 to 6 years old?

Back 109

Preoperational stage

Front 110

What is the name of Piaget's stage of cognitive development that is characterized by the development of and refinement of schemes for symbolic representation?

Back 110

Preoperational stage

Front 111

What is the term for the belief that inanimate objects are alive?

Back 111

Animistic thinking

Front 112

Why is the preoperational stage so named?

Back 112

Because children are not yet able to perform mental operations that follow logical rules

Front 113

What is the term for a preoperational child's tendency to focus on only one dimension of a stimulus?

Back 113

Centration

Front 114

Why do preoperational children have problems understanding any activity that is governed by rules?

Back 114

1. egocentrism
2. centration

Front 115

Name Paiget's 3rd stage of cognitive development?

Back 115

Concrete Operations

Front 116

What is the age span for Paiget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

Back 116

6 - 11/12 years old

Front 117

What is the name of Piaget's state of cognitive development during which a child acquires the concepts of reversibility and conservation and is able to attend to 2 or more dimensions of a stimulus at the same time?

Back 117

Concrete operations stage

Front 118

What is the term for the fact that when only the appearance of a substance has been changed, it can be returned to its original state?

Back 118

Reversibility

Front 119

What is the term given by Piaget to explain that the understanding that a given quantity of matter remains the same if it is rearranged or changed in its appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away

Back 119

Conservation

Front 120

According to Piaget, when are children leaving the concrete operations stage?

Back 120

When children can respond correctly to problems with unreal elements

Front 121

What is the name of Piaget's 4th stage of cognitive develoopment?

Back 121

Formal operations stage

Front 122

What is the age range for Piaget's 4th stage of cognitive development?

Back 122

11/12 years to beyond

Front 123

What is the name of Piaget's stage of cognitive development that is the final stage of cognitive development?

Back 123

Formal operations stage

Front 124

What is the name of Piaget's stage of cognitive development that is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations?

Back 124

Formal operations stage

Front 125

Describe the major thought process that emerges only in adolescents?

Back 125

The ability to construct imaginary reality that is linked to present reality

Front 126

WHat type of thinking do teenagers display when they come up with elaborate ways to end world hunger for example?

Back 126

Naive idealism

Front 127

List the 4 unique thought processes that are displayed by adolescents during the formal operations stage?

Back 127

1. naive idealism
2. adolescent egocentrism
3. imaginary audience
4. personal fable

Front 128

What is the term that would describe a teenager's preoccupation with the way the look and the impression they are making?

Back 128

adolescent egocentrism

Front 129

What is the term that would describe a teenager's preoccupation that he/she is alway on stage?

Back 129

Imaginary audience

Front 130

What is the term that would describe a teenager's preoccupation that they sometimes cannot fathom that anyone has ever felt as deeply as they feel or has ever loved as they love?

Back 130

personal fable

Front 131

How was Piaget's methods limited?

Back 131

1. based on observation
2. based on interview which depends on verbal responses

Front 132

What is the name given to those experts who believe that there are important general patterns in cognitive development, but there is also more variability in how children perform on certain tasks?

Back 132

Neo-Piagetians

Front 133

T or F
Research shows that formal operational thought is not universal.

Back 133

True

Front 134

T or F
According to Piaget's thinking about the stage of cognitive development, all people progress through the stages in the same order but not at the same rate.

Back 134

True

Front 135

According to Piaget, what mental process is 8 mo old Amala using when she spots a dead bug on the living room floor, picks it up, and puts it in her mouth?

Back 135

assimilation

Front 136

T or F
According to Piaget, not all individuals reach the formal operations stage of cognitive development.

Back 136

True

Front 137

Abstract thought is associated with what stage of cognitive development?

Back 137

formal operations

Front 138

Conservation and reversibility is associated with what stage of cognitive development

Back 138

concrete operations

Front 139

Object permanence is associated with what stage of cognitive development?

Back 139

sensorimotor

Front 140

Egocentrism and centration is associated with what stage of cognitive development?

Back 140

preoperational

Front 141

Name the psychologist who maintained that human infants come equipped with basic skills such as perception, the ability to pay attention,and certain capacities of memory not unlike those of many other animal speicies?

Back 141

Vygottsky

Front 142

What did Vygottsky believe is a key component in cognitive development

Back 142

Private speech

Front 143

What is the term Vygottsky gave to a range of cognitive tasks that a child cannot yet perform alone but can learn to perform with the instruction and guidance of a parent, taCHER OR MORE ADVANCED PEER?

Back 143

Zone of Proximal development

Front 144

What is the term for a form of instruction where direct instruction is given, at first, for unfamiliar tasks, but as the child shows increasing competence, the teacher or parent gradually withdraws from direct and active teaching, and the child may continue toward independent mastery of task.

Back 144

Scaffolding

Front 145

Name the approach to cognitive development that sees the human mind as a system that functions like a computer?

Back 145

Information-processing approach

Front 146

Name the 3 cognitive abilities that have been researched by information-processing researchers?

Back 146

1. processing speed
2. memory
3. metacognition

Front 147

T or F
Processing speed increases dramatically as children move from infancy through childhood.

Back 147

True

Front 148

What is the term given to the short-term memory strategy characterized by repeating information over and over?

Back 148

Rehearsal

Front 149

Name strategies for holding information in memory?

Back 149

1. rehearsal
2. organization
3. elaboration

Front 150

What is the term given to a level of maturity when a person has achieved the process of thinking about how you or others think?

Back 150

metacognition

Front 151

What is the ability to understand about how thinking operates?

Back 151

Theory of mind

Front 152

T or F
Children's more advanced in language tend to have a greater ability to think about their own and others' thoughts.

Back 152

True

Front 153

What did Vygottsky believe aid children's cognitive development?

Back 153

Personal speech

Front 154

What is a way of helping children accomplish tasks they aren't quite ready to do on their own?

Back 154

scaffolding

Front 155

What has a child acquired when they display an understanding how thinking operates?

Back 155

theory of mind

Front 156

What approach are researchers using who focus on how processing speed, memory, and metacognition develop and change with age?

Back 156

information-processing

Front 157

What is the term for the vocalization of the basic units of sound? (phonemes)

Back 157

Babbling

Front 158

What is the term for the application of a word, of the basis of some shared feature, to a broader range of objects than is appropriate?

Back 158

Overextension

Front 159

What is the term for the restriction of a word to only a few, rather than to all, members of class of objects

Back 159

Underextension

Front 160

What is the term for short sentences that follow a rigid word order and contain only 3 or so essential content words?

Back 160

telegraphic speech

Front 161

What usually happens to children when they reach 3 yrs old regarding their speech?

Back 161

Grammar explosion

Front 162

What is the term for the act of inappropriately applying the grammatical rules for forming plurals and past tenses to irregular nouns and verbs?

Back 162

Overregulation

Front 163

Who asserted that language is shaped through reinforcement?

Back 163

BF Skinner

Front 164

What is the name for those researchers who assert that the language learning process is an inborn characteristic of all members of the human species?

Back 164

Nativists

Front 165

Who maintains that the brain contains a "language acquisition device" which enables children to sort the stream of speech they hear around them in ways that allow them to discoer grammar rules?

Back 165

Noam Chomsky

Front 166

Name the view of language learning that acknowledges the importance of both learning and an inborn capacity for acquiring langauge

Back 166

Nanture and nurture

Front 167

What is the term for the sensitivity to the sound patterns of a language and how they are represented?

Back 167

phonological awareness

Front 168

ba-ba-ba- is an exaple of what form of speech?

Back 168

babbling

Front 169

"He eated the cookies" is an example of what form of speech?

Back 169

overregularization

Front 170

"Mama see ball" is an example of what form of speech?

Back 170

telegraphic speech

Front 171

"oo" or "ah" is an example of what form of speech?

Back 171

cooing

Front 172

"kitty" meaning a lion is an example of what form of speech?

Back 172

overextension

Front 173

"ball" meaning "look at the ball" is an example of what form of speech?

Back 173

holophrase

Front 174

When asked to supply a word that rhymes with cat, 3 yr old Jenny say "hat". Jenny's response indicated that she has developed what?

Back 174

phonological awareness

Front 175

What is the term for the process of learning socially acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and values?

Back 175

socialization

Front 176

What is the term for parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority?

Back 176

authoritarian parents
LOOK AT SPELLING

Front 177

What is the term given to parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits and encourage open communication and independence?

Back 177

Authoritative parents
LOOK AT SPELLING

Front 178

What is the term given to parent who make few rules or demands and usually do not enforce those that are made; they allow children to make their own decisions and control their own behavior?

Back 178

Permissive parents

Front 179

What is the term for parent who are permissive and are not involved in their children lives?

Back 179

Neglecting parents

Front 180

What is the name of Bronfenbrenner's term for the interrelated and layered setting win which a child grows up?

Back 180

Contexts of development

Front 181

What is the term for the core of Bronfenbrenner's context of development?

Back 181

Microsystems

Front 182

What do microsystems include?

Back 182

settings in which the child has personal experience

Front 183

Name Bronfenbrenner's contexts of development?

Back 183

1. microsystems
2. exosystems
3. macrosystems

Front 184

What's another name for Bronfenbrenner's microsystem?

Back 184

mesosystem