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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the most famous of the humanistic psychologists?
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Abraham Maslow
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What is Maslow famous for?
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his Hierarchy of Needs
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What comic book character's development is associated with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
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Superman's revised Birthright
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Name the 5 levels of needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs from the lowest to the highest:
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1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs 3. Belonging and Love needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Need for Self-Actualization |
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T or F
According to Maslow, Higher motives go unheeded when lower motives have not been met. |
True
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Essentially what does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs explain?
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Why people do what they do.
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What is the term for all the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior?
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Motivation
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What is the term for the needs or desires that energize and direct behavior toward a goal?
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motives
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List the 3 components that psychologists consider for motivation:
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1. activation
2. persistence 3. intensity |
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What phase of motivation is when you take the first steps required to achieve your goal?
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Activation
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What phase of motivation is when faithful and continued effort put forth in working toward a goal?
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Persistence
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What phase of motivation is the focused energy and attention applied in order to achieve the goal?
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Intensity
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What is the term for the desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself?
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Intrinsic motivation
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What is the term for an external stimulus that motivates behavior ?
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Incentive
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What would money or fame be considered?
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Incentives
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What is the term for the desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence?
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Extrinsic Motivation
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According to BF Skinner, what is a reinforcer?
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a consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior
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T or F
According to BF Skinner, Once the link between a behavior and a reinforcer has been established, the expectation of receiving the reinforcer again serves as an incentive to perform the behavior. |
True
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What does the prospect of getting a generous tip serve as for restaurant servers?
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The incentive
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T or F
In real life, the motives for many activities are both intrinsic and extrinsic. |
True
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What is the term for a fixed behavior pattern that is characteristic of every member of a species and is assumed to be genetically programmed?
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Instinct
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What is the term for a theory of motivation suggesting that biological needs create internal states of tension or arousal which organisms are motivated to reduce?
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Drive-reduction theory
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What is the term for an internal state of tension or arousal that is brought about by an underlying need and that an organism is motivated to reduce?
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Drive
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Who popularized the Drive-reduction theory?
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Clark Hull
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What concept is Drive-reduction theory derived largely from?
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Homeostasis
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What is the term for the natural tendency of the body to maintain a balanced internal state of in order to ensure physical survival?
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Homeostasis
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What is the term given by psychologists for people who love the thrill they experience when engaging in activities that produce states of tension?
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Sensation seekers
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Why cannot Drive-reduction theorists explain sensation seeking?
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The Drive-reduction theory assumes that humans are always motivated to reduce tension.
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T or F
Some theorists argue that humans are sometimes motivated to increase tension. |
True
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What is the term for the state of alertness and mental and physical activation?
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Arousal
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What type of motivation is this example:
A person anonymously donates a large sum of money to a university to fund scholarships for deserving students? |
Intrinsic motivation
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What type of motivation is this example:
A person agrees to donate a large sum of money to a university for the construction of a building, provided it will bear the family name? |
Extrinsic motivation
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What type of motivation is this example:
A child reads several books each week because reading is fun? |
Intrinsic motivation
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What type of motivation is this example:
A child reads 2 books each week to avoid losing TV privileges? |
Extrinsic motivation
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What is the term for a theory of motivaiton suggestin that people are motivated maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation?
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Arousal Theory
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According to the Arousal theory what happens when the arousal is less than the optimal level?
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People do something to stimulate it.
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According to the Arousal theory, what happens when the arousal exceeds the optimal level?
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People seek to reduce the stimulation
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What is the term for the types of motives that cause humans and other animals to increase stimulation when the level of arousal is too low?
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Stimulus motives
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What are curiosity and exploration examples of ?
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Stimulus motives
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T or F
There is often a close link between arousal and performance |
True
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What is the term for the principle that performance on tasks is bewt when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task?
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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T or F
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, the optimal of arousal varies according to the difficulty of the task? |
True
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T or F
According the the Yerkes-Dodson Law, there is higher arousal for simple tasks, moderate4 arousal for tasks of moderate difficulty, and lower arousal for complex tasks. |
True
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What according to Maslow must be met before a person can be motivated by needs for social belonging, esteem and self-actualization?
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1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs |
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What type of motivation influences a person to engage in an activity in order to gain a reward or to avoid an unpleasant consequence?
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Extrinsic motivation
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What type of needs and drives does the Drive-reduction theory focus primarily on?
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Biological needs and drives
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According to the Arousal theory, what type of level of arousal do people seek?
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Optimal levels of arousal
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What is the term for a state of tension or arousal that arises from a biological need and is unlearned?
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Primary Drive
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What type of drive is thirst?
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Primary drive, biological drive
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Name the 2 types of thirst:
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1. Extracellular thirst
2. Intracellular thirst |
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What type of thirst occurs when fluid is lost from body tissues?
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Extracellular thirst
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What type of thirst involves the loss of water from inside the body cells?
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Intracellular thirst
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What type of thirst do bars try to stimulate when they serve free salted nuts, chips or pretzels?
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Intracellular thirst so that they can sell more drinks?
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What part of the hypothallamus acts as a feeding center to incite eating?
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Lateral hypothalaums(LH)
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T or F
When the the feeding center is destroyed, animals initially refuse to eat. |
True
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What part of the hypothalamus acts as a satiety center to inhibit eating?
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Ventromedial hypothalamus
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What happens when our stomachs become full, with water for example?
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We feel less hunger
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T or F
Changes in blood sugar levels and hormones contribute to sensations of hunger. |
True
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Elevations of what hormone can cause increases in hunger?
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Insulin
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What is the term for the measure of weight relative to height?
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Body Mass Index or BMI
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What is the formula for the BMI?
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Weight in pounds
________________ X 703 Ht. in. X Ht. in. |
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What is the term for a BMI more than 30?
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Obesity
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T or F
BMIs in the US have dramatically risen over the past 3 decade, nearly 1/3 of adults are now obese and another 1/3 are overweight. |
True
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Name the 6 explanations for variations in body weight:
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1. BMI
2. Heredity 3. Hormones 4. Metabolic rate 5. Fat-Cell theory 6. Set-Point theory |
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T or F
A gene map for obesity has been constructed containing about 15 different chromosome regions, with more than 40 genes appearing to be related to obesity and regulation of body weigh. |
True
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Name the hormone recently discovered that affect the hypothalamus and that is produced by the body's fat tissues?
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Leptin
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What happens to leptin when body fat decreases?
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Leptin decreases
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What happens to leptin when body fat increases?
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Leptin increases
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What is the term for the rate at which the body burns calories to produce energy?
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Metabolic Rate
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What happens when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure?
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Obesity can occur
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What is the term for the cells that swerve as storehouses for liquefied fat in the body?
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Fat cells
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What is the medical term for fat cells?
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Adipose cells
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What type of cells' number is determined by both genes and eating habits?
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Fat cells
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What type of cells decrease in cells but not in number in weight loss?
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Fat cells
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What is the name of the theory that proposes that obesity if related to the number of adipose cells
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Fat Cell theory
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What is the term for the weight the body normally maintains when one is trying neither to gain nor to lose weight?
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Set point
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What is the name of the theory that suggests that humans are genetically programmed to carry a certain amount of body weight?
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Set-point theory
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What is the term for the surgical procedure used by obese individuals who appear unable to reverse their trend of continual weight gain?
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Gastric by-pass surgery
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Name the 6 Weight Loss strategies from the Mayo Clinic?
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1. Make a commitment
2. Get Emotional Support 3. Set realistic goals 4. Enjoy healthier foods 5. Get active, stay active 6. Change your lifestyle |
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What is the term for the eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming, irrational fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self-starvation, and excedssive weight loss?
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Anorexia Nervosa
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At what age does anorexia typically begin?
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Adolescense
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T or F
Up to 20% of those suffering from anorexia nervosa eventually die of starvation or complication from organ damage. |
True
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What is the term for an eating disorder characterized by repeated and uncontrolled episodes of binge eating?
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Bulimia nervosa
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T or F
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are difficult to treat? |
True
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All of the following are hunger signals except:
a. activity in the lateral hypothalamus b. low levels of glucose in the blood c. the hormone CCK d. a high insulin level |
c. the hormone CCK
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What is responsible for how fast your body burns calories to produce energy?
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Metabolic rate
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According to what theory, the body works to maintain a certain weight?
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Set-point Theory
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What must effective weight loss programs include as well as a reduced caloric intake?
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Exercise
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What syndrome is defined by the compulsive dieting to the point of starvation?
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Anorexia nervosa
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What disorder is defined by binging and purging?
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Bulimia nervosa
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Describe the purging feature of bulimia nervosa?
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Self-induced vomiting and or the use of large quantities of laxatives (makes you poop)and diuretics (makes you pee)
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What is the term for the motives that are acquired through experience and interaction with others?
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Social motives
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Name the types of motives associated with social motives?
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1. need for affiliation
2. need for achievement |
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What is the term for the need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence?
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Need for Achievement or n Ach
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What is the name of a test developed by Henry Murray in 1938 that consists of a series of pictures of ambiguous situations where the person is asked to create a story about each picture?
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Thematic Apperception Test
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According to researchers, people with a high n Ach pursue goals that are challenging, yet attainable through hard work, ability, determination,and persistence?
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True
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T or F
According to researchers, people with low n Ach are not willing to to take chances when it comes to testing their own skills abilities, they are more motivated by their fear of failure than buy their hope and expectation of success, they set ridiculously low goals. |
True
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What is the term for the view that achievement motivation depends on which of 4 goal orientations an individual adopts?
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Goal Orientation Theory
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Name the 4 Goal Orientations to the Goal Orientation Theory?
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1. Mastery/Approach
2. Mastery/Avoidance 3. Performance/Approach 4. Performance/Avoidance |
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What is the name of the goal orientation that involves working to attain something of self-determined intrinsic value?
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Mastery/Approach
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What goal orientation is the seeking of knowledge?
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Mastery/Approach
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What is the name of the goal orientation that involves working to avoid an outcome that threatens self-worth?
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Mastery/Avoidance
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What goal orientation is the fear of failing a course?
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Mastery/Avoidance
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What is the name of the goal orientation that is doing just enough work to ensure that one's performance will be superior to that of others?
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Performance/Approach
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What goal orientation is working for an A in a difficult class to feel superior to others in a class or being satisfied with a D because most other students are failing?
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Performance/Approach
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What is the name of the goal orientation that is limiting efforts in order to avoid surpassing the performance of others/
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Performance/Avoidance
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What is goal orientation that exemplified when a person is getting mediocre grades to fit in with a peer group?
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Performance/Avoidance
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What is the term given to psychologists who apply their knowledge in the workplace and are especially interested in work motivation and job performance?
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industrial/organization psychologists or
I/O pscyhologists |
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What is the term for the conditions and processes responsible for the arousal, direction, magnitude and maintenance of effort of workers on the job?
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Work motivation
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What are the 2 most effective ways to increase employee motivation and improve performance?
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1. Reinforcement
2. Goal setting |
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Name the theory that suggests that motivation to engage in a given activity is determined by:
1. expectancy 2. instrumentality 3. valence |
Expectancy Theory
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According to the Expectancy Theory, what is the term for a person's belief that more effort will result in improved performance?
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Expectancy
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According to the Expectancy Theory, what is the term for a person's belief that doing a job well be noticed and rewarded?
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Instrumentality
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According to the Expectancy Theory, what is the therm for the degree to which a person values the rewards that are offered?
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Valence
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How are social motives acquired?
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Learning
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T or f
Individuals who have a high need for achievement set goals that are of high difficulty. |
FALSE
Individuals who have a high need for achievement set goals that are of moderate difficulty. |
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Industrial/organization psychologist use reinforcement and goal setting to increase what?
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employee motivation
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What is the term for an indentifiable feeling state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation or stimulus causing that internal body state, and an outward behavior expressing the state?
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Emotion
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What are the 3 components of emotions?
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1. Physical component
2. Cognitive component 3. Behavioral component |
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What is the name of the component of emotions that is the physiological arousal that accompanies the emotion
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Physical component
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What is the name of the component of emotions that is the way we perceive or interpret a stimulus or situation?
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Cognitive Component
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What is the name of the component of emotions that determines the specific emotion that we feel?
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Cognitive component
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What is the name of the component of emotions that is our outward expression?
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Behavioral component
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T or F
The 3 components of emotions appear to be interdependent |
True
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What is the term for the theory of emotion that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of a physiological response to an emtion-provoking stimulus?
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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What theory of emotion is best illustrated as feeling fear because of trembling?
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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What theory of emotion suggests that different patterns of arousal n the autonomic nervous system produce the different emotions people feel, and that the physiological arousal appears before the emotion is perceived?
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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What is the name of the theory of emotion that suggests that an emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the physiological arousal?
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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What is the name of the theory of emotion best illustrated by saying that your feeling or emotion occurs at about the same time that you experience physiological arousal?
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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T or F
According to the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion, physiological arousals do not evoke emotions> |
True
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What is the name of the theory of emotion that is a 2-factor theory stating that for an emotion to occur there bust be:
1. physiological arousal, and 2. a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the arousal, allowing it to be labeled as a specific emotion |
Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion
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What is the name of the theory of emotion that suggests that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it
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Lazarus Theory of Emotion
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What theory of emotion is exemplified by you are walking home late at night and hear footsteps behind., Your heart pounds and you begin to tremble. You interpret these physical responses as fear
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James Lange Theory of Emotion
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What theory of emotion is exemplified by you are walking home late at night and hear footsteps behind. Your heart pounds, you begin to tremble and you feel afraid?
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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What theory of emotions exemplified by you are walking home late at night and hear footsteps behind yu. Your heart pounds and you begin to tremble. You know that walking alone at night can be dangerous, and so you feel afraid.
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Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion
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What theory of emotions is exemplified by you are walking hone late at night and hear footsteps behind you. You think it could be a mugger. So you feel afraid, and your heart starts to pound and you begin to tremble?
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Lazarus Theory of Emotion
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T or F
According to recent research, an emotion can be stirred up even before the cortex knows what is going on? |
True
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T or F
When the emotion of fear first materializes, much of the brain's processing is non-conscious. |
True
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What are the 3 components of emotions?
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1. physical
2. cognitive 3. behavioral |
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What theory of emotion holds that you feel a true emotion only when you become physically aroused and can identify some cause for the arousal?
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Schacter-Singer Theory
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What theory of emotion suggest that you would feel fearful because you were trembling?
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James-Lange Theory
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What theory of emotion suggests that the feeling of an emotion and the physiological response to an emotional situation occur at about the same time?
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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What theory of emotion suggests that the physiological arousal and the emotion flow from a cognitive appraisal of an emotion-provoking event?
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Lazarus Theory
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What brain structure is most closely associated with fear?
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The amygdala
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T or F
When fear strikes, the amygdala is activated before the cortex. |
True
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T or F
Basic emotions are unlearned and universal. |
True
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Fear, angst, disgust, surprise, happiness or joy, sadness or distress are all considered to be what type of emotions?
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Basic
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What is the term for emotions that are unlearned and universal?
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Basic emotions
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What type of emotions are reflected in the same facial expressions across cultures?
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Basic emotions
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What type of emotions emerge in children according to their biological timetables of development?
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Basic emotions
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What is meant by that each culture appears to have an "accent" for facial expressions?
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The "accent" is a pattern of minute muscle movements that are used by noist members of a culture when they exhibit a particular facial expression.
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T or F
There is a Japanese way to make a happy face, an American way to make a happy face that is somewhat different, and a German way of making a happy face that is different by the others. |
True
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What are is the term for the cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be expressions and when and where their expression is appropriate?
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Display rule
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What do psychologists speculate may be the basis of much miscommunication between teen and their parents and teachers?
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Conformity to peer-based display rules of teens that discourage public displays of emotion and that influences teens to conform to unspoken display rules.
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What is the name of the phenomenon that is observed in infants when they use their mother's emotions as a guide?
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Social referencing
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What is the term for psychologists who study how humans adapt their behavior for the purpose of passing on their genes?
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Evolutionary psychologists
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T or F
Evolutionary psychs have presented evidence indicating that both males and females use emotional deception in the context of mating behavior. |
True
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What is the term for a lie-detecting device that detects changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and skin conductance response?
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Polygraph
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T o F
Some experts say that the percentage of innocent people who are falsely accused of lying by a polygraph may be as high as 1 out 3. |
True
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What is the term given to the study of how the voice changes in ways that can be measured reliably when a person is lying?
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Voice stress analysis
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T or F
Voice analysis has proven to be far less accurate than even the polygraph |
True
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What is the term for studies involving EEG lie-detection technology?
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Brain fingerprinting
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The basic emotions emerge in children as a result of what?
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Children's biological timetable of development
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What does each culture appear to have that are used to exhibit a particular facial expression?
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Its own pattern of minute (small or little) muscle movement
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Why do some people sometimes express emotion they do not really feel?
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Cultural display rules
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What do both men and women use in their mating behaviors according to evolutionary psychs?
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Emotional deception
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What does polygraphs measure?
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physiological responses
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What type of technology does brain fingerprinting use?
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EEG
Electroencephalographs |
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What is the term for the idea that the muscular movements involved in certain facial expression produce the corresponding emotions?
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Facial-feedback hypothesis
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T or F
Some researchers have concluded that facial expressions can activate emotions |
True
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What is the hypothesis that suggests that smiling makes one feel happy?
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Facial-feedback bypothesis
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What is the term for "venting"
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Cartharsis
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T or F
In a recent study, men were found to process emotions, esp positive ones, predominantly in the left hemisphere of the brain, while women were found to use both cerebral hemisphere more equally. |
True
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What is the term for Sternberg's theory that 3 components singly and in various combinations produce 7 different kinds of love?
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Triangular Theory of Love
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List the 3 components of the Triangular Theory of Love:
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1. intimacy
2. passion 3. commitment |
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What component of the Triangular Theory of Love are "those feelings in a relationship that promote closeness, bondedness and connectedness"?
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Intimacy
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What component of the Triangular Theory of Love are those drives in a loving relationship "that lead to romance physical attraction, and sexual consummation"?
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Passion
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What component of the Triangular Theory of Love consists of 2 aspects?
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Commitment
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List the 2 aspects of the commitment component of the Triangular Theory of Love?
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1. a short-term aspect
2. a long-term aspect |
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Which aspect of the Triangular Theory of Love is the decision that one loves another person?
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Short-term aspect
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Which aspect of the Triangular Theory of Love commitment component is the commitment to maintaining that love over time?
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Long-term aspect
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What component(s) does liking have?
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Intimacy only
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What components(s) does infatuated love have?
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Passion only
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What component(s) does Empty love have?
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Commitment
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What component(s) does romantic love have?
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Intimacy + passion
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What component(s) does fatuous (infatuated) Love have?
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Commitment + passion
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What component(s) does companionate love have?
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Commitment + intimacy
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What component(s) does consummate love have?
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commitment + intimacy + passion
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Name the only type of love that includes all components?
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Consummate love
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What is the term for the idea that making a happy, sad, or angry face can actually trigger the physiological response and the feeling assoicated with the emotion?
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Facial-feedback hypothesis
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T or F
Women and men regulate feelings of anger differently. |
True
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According to Sternberg, what are the 3 components of love?
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1. intimacy
2. passion 3. commitment |
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According to Sternberg, what type of love is the most complete form of love?
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Consummate love.
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