Psych 1101 Final

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abnormal behavior

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behavior that is personally distressful, personally dysfunctional, and/ or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate/ maladaptive

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agoraphobia

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a fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult in the event of sudden incapacitation

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antisocial personality disorder

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a long-term stable disorder characterized by a lack of conscience, defects in empathy, and a tendency to act out in an impulsive manner that disregards future consequences

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anxiety

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an emotional state characterized by apprehension accompanied by physiological arousal and fearful behavior

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anxiety disorder

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a group of behavior disorders in which anxiety and associated maladaptive behaviors are the core of the disturbance

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attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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a disorder, usually originating in childhood, that may take the form of attentional difficulties, hyperactivity/ impassivity, or a combination of the tow that results in impaired functioning

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autistic disorder

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a severe developmental disorder characterized by extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, and highly repetitive and rigid behavior patterns

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bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which intermittent mania appears against a background of depression

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borderline personality disorder (BPD)

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a serious personality disorder characterized by severe instability in behavior, emotion, identity, and interpersonal relationships

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catatonic schizophrenia

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a schizophrenic reaction characterized by alternating stuporous states and agitated excitement, during which the person can be quite dangerous

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competency

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a legal decision that a defendant is mentally capable of understanding the nature of the charges, participating meaningfully in the trial, and consulting with his or her attorney

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compulsion

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a repetitive act that the person feels compelled to carry out, often in response to an obsessive thought or image

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conversion disorder

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a disorder in which serious neurological symptoms, such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness suddenly occur without physical cause

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culture-bound disorders

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behavior disorders whose specific forms are restricted to one particular cultural context

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delusions

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false beliefes, often invovling themes of persecution or grandeur, that are sustained in the face of evidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them

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depressive attributional pattern

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the tendency of depressed people to attribute negative outcomes to their own inadequacies and positive outcomes to factors outside of themselves

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depressive cognitive triad

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a pattern of negative evaluations of the self, the world, and the future often found in depressed people

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disorganized schizophrenia

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a schizophrenic disorder marked by verbal incoherence, disordered thought processes, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate emotional responses

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dissociative disorders

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disorders that involve a major dissociation of personal identity or memory

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dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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a dissociative disorder in which two or more separate identities or personalities coexist within an individual

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dopamine hypothesis

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states that the symptoms of schizophrenia are produced by overactivity of the dopamine system in areas oft eh brain that regulate emotional expression, motivated behavior, and cognitive functioning

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dysthymia

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a depressive mood disorder of moderate intensity that occurs over a long period of time but does not disrupt functioning as a major depression does

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expressed emotion

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a family interaction pattern, involving criticism, hostility, and over-involvement, that is associated with relapse in formerly hospitalized schizophrenic patients who return home

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generalized anxiety disorder

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a chronic state of diffuse, or "free-floating," anxiety that is not attached to specific situations or objects

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hallucinations

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false perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality

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hypochondriasis

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a somatoform disorder characterized by an overreaction to physical symptoms and a conviction that one has or is on the verge of a serious illness

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insanity

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a legal decision that a defendant was so severely impaired at the time a crime was committed that he or she was incapable of appreciating the wrongfulness of the act or controlling his or her behavior

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learned helplessness theory

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a theory of depression maintaining that if people are unable to control life events, they develop a state of helplessness that leads to depressive symptoms

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major depression

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a mood disorder characterized by intense depression that interferes markedly with functioning

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mania

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a state of intense emotional and behavioral excitement in which a person feels very optimistic and energized

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mood disorder

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psychological disorders whose core conditions involve maladaptive mood states, such as depression or mania

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negative symptoms

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schizophrenic symptoms that reflect a lack of normal reactions, such as emotions, speech, or social behaviors

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neurotic anxiety

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in psychoanalytic theory, a state of anxiety that arises when impulses from the id threaten to break through into awareness or behavior

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obsession

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an unwanted and disturbing thought or image that invades consciousness and is very difficult to control

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pain disorder

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a somatoform disorder in which the person's complaints of pain cannot be accounted for in terms of degree of physical damage

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks and a pervasive fear that another will occur; may also result in agoraphobia

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paranoid schizophrenia

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a schizophrenic disorder marked by delusional thinking and suspiciousness

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personality disorder

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stable, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

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phobia

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strong and irrational fears of particular objects or circumstances

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positive symptoms

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schizophrenic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech and thinking

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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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a pattern of distressing symptoms, such as flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance, and anxiety responses that recur after a traumatic experience

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psychogenic amnesia

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an extensive but selective memory loss that occurs after a traumatic event

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psychogenic fugue

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a dissociative phenomenon in which a person loses all sense of personal identity and wanders to another place and establishes a new identity

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regression

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a psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which a person retreats to an earlier state of development in response to stress

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reliability

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in psychological testing, the consistency with which a measure assesses given characteristic or different observers agree on a given score. Diagnostic reliability refers to an agreement among clinicians making diagnostic judgments

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schizophrenia

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a psychotic disorder involving serious impairments of attention, thought, language, emotion, and behavior

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social causation hypothesis

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the proposition that attributes the higher prevalence of schizophrenia in low-income people to the greater stress they experience

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social drift hypothesis

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the notion that as people develop schizophrenia, their personal and occupational functioning deteriorates, so that they drift down the socioeconomic ladder

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social phobia

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an excessive and inappropriate fear of social situations in which a person might be evaluated and possibly embarrassed

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somatoform disorder

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a disorder in which a person complains of bodily symptoms that cannot be accounted for in terms of actually physical damage or dysfunction

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specific phobia

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an irrational and excessive fear of specific objects or situations that pose little or no actual threat

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splitting

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a tendency, often found in people with borderline personality disorder, to not integrate the positive and negative aspects of another's behavior into a coherent cognitive representation

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suicide

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the willful taking of one's own life

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trauma-dissociation theory

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accounts for the development of dissociative identity disorder as a defense against severe childhood abuse or trauma

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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a residual category of schizophrenia for people who show some of the symptoms of paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic types but not enough to be placed in one of those diagnostic

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validity

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the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure; the degree to which a diagnostic system's categories contain the core features of the behavior disorders and permit differentiation among the disorders

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vulnerability-stress model

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explains behavior disorders as resulting from predisposing biological or psychological vulnerability factors that are triggered by a stressor

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aversion therapy

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a form of therapy in which a conditioned stimulus that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response is paired with a noxious, unpleasant unconditioned stimulus, in an attempt to condition a repulsion toward the conditioned stimulus

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behavioral activation treatment

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a treatment for depression that engages clients in life activities designed to increase positive reinforcement in their lives

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common factors

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therapeutic elements that are possessed by virtually any type of therapy and that may contribute to the similar positive effects shown by many different treatment approaches

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competency-focused prevention

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prevention programs that are designed to enhance personal resources needed to cope with situations that might otherwise cause psychological disorders

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counterconditioning

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the process of conditioning an incompatible response to a particular stimulus to eliminate a maladaptive response as occurs in systematic desensitization

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culturally competent therapist

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practitioners who have a set of therapeutic skills, including scientific mindedness, the ability to consider both cultural and individual factors, and the capacity to introduce culture-specific elements into therapy with people from minority cultures

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deinstitutionalization movement

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the attempt to move the primary locus of treatment from mental hospitals to the community

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dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

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a recently developed cognitive-behavioral treatment for borderline personality disorder

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dodo bird verdict

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the conclusion reached by some psychotherapy researches that virtually all treatment approaches have similar success rates

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eclecticism

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an approach to therapy that incorporates principles and procedures from multiple therapies to provide the most suitable treatment to a client

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effect size

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in meta-analysis, a measure of treatment effectiveness that indicates what percentage of treated clients improve more than the average untreated client

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empathy

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the capacity for experiencig the same emotional response being exhibited by another person; in therapy, the ability of a therapist to view the world through the client's eyes and to understand the client's emotions

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empirically supported treatments (ESTs)

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psychotherapy and the behavior change techniques that have been shown to be efficacious in controlled clinical trials

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exposure

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the feared conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

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feminist therapy

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an orientation that focuses on women's issues and strives to help female clients achieve greater self-determination

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free association

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in psychoanalysis, the procedure of verbalizing all thoughts that enter consciousness without censorship

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genuineness

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the ability of a therapist to honestly express her or his feelings to a client

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insight

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in Gestalt psychology, the sudden perception of a useful relation or solution to a problem; in psychoanalysis, the conscious awareness of unconscious dynamics that underlie psychological problems

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interpersonal therapy

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a form of brief therapy that focuses on the client's interpersonal problems and seeks to develop new interpersonal skills

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, a statement made by the analyst that is intended to promote insight in the client

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meta-analysis

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a statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic

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openness

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an unwanted and disturbing thought or image that invades consciousness and is very difficult to control

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placebo control group

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a control group that receives an intervention that is assumed to have no therapeutic value

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psychosurgery

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surgical procedures, such as lobotomy or cingulotomy, in which brain tissue involved in a behavior disorder is removed or destroyed

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randomized clinical trial

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a research design that involves the random assignment of clients having specific problems to an experimental (therapy) group or to a control condition so as to draw sound causal conclusions about the therapy's efficacy

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resistance

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largely unconscious maneuvers that protect clients from dealing with anxiety-arousing material in therapy

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response prevention

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the prevention of escape or avoidance responses during exposure to an anxiety-arousing conditioned stimulus so that extinction can occur

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self-relatedness

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a client's ability to be flexible to change, to listen carefully to the therapist, and to constructively use what is learned in therapy

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situation- focused prevention

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directed at either reducing or eliminating the environmental causes of behavior disorders or enhancing situational factors that help prevent the development of disorders

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social skills training

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a technique in which a client learns more effective social behaviors by observing and imitating a skillful model

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specificity question

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the ultimate question of psychotherapy research: "Which types of therapy administered by which kinds of therapists to which kinds of clients having which kinds of problems produce which kinds of effects?"

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spontaneous remission

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improvements in symptoms in the absence of any therapy

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stimulus hierarchy

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in systematic desensitization, the creation of a series of anxiety-arousing stimuli that are ranked in terms of the amount of anxiety they evoke

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systematic desensitization

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a procedure used to eliminate anxiety using counter-conditioning, in which a new response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety-arousing conditioned stimulus

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tardrive dyskinesia

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an irreversible motor disorder that can occur as a side effect of certain anti-psychotic drugs

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token economy

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a procedure in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers

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transference

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the psychoanalytic phenomenon in whic aclient responds irrationally to the analyst as if the latter were an important person from the client's past who plays a significant role in the client's dynamics

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unconditional positive regard

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a communicated attitude of total and unconditional acceptance of another person that conveys the person's intrinsic worth

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virtual reality (VR)

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computer-produced virtual environments that immerse an individual and produce experiences similar to those of a corresponding real environment

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attachment

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the strong emotional bond that develops between two people; developmentally, the bond between children and their primary caregivers

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attitude

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a positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus

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attribution

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a judgment about the causes of our own and other people's behavior

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bystander effect

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the principle that the presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person's tendency to help, largely due to social comparison or diffusion of responsibility

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catharsis

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the idea that performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduces our impulse to aggress

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central route to persuasion

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occurs when people think carefully about a message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling

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communicator credibility

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the degree to which an audience views a communicator as believable, largely based on the communicator's expertise and trustworthiness

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companionate love

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an affectionate relationship characterized by commitment and caring about he partner's well-being; sometimes contrasted wit passionate love, which is more intensely emotional

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deindividuation

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a state of increased anonymity in which a person, often as part of a group or crowd, engages in disinhibited behavior

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discrimination

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the occurrence of a conditioned response to one stimulus but not to another stimulus

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door-in-the face technique

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a manipulation technique in which a persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it, and then presents a smaller request

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empathy-altruism hypothesis

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the view that pure altruism does exist and that it is produced by the capacity to empathize with the person in need of aid

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equal status contact

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the principle that prejudice between people is most likely to be reduced when they engage in sustained close contact, have equal status within the context of their interaction, work to achieve a common goal that requires cooperation, and are supported by broader social norms that encourage prejudice reduction

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explicit prejudice

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prejudice that is expressed publicly, as when talking with someone or responding to a questionnaire

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foot-in-the-door technique

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a manipulation technique in which the persuader gets you to comply with a small request first and later presents a larger request

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people's behaviors

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group polarization

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when a group of like-minded people discus an issue, the "average" opinion of group members tends to become more extreme

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groupthink

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the tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are motivated to seek agreement

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implicit prejudice

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prejudice that is hidden from public view, either intentionally or because the person is not aware that he or she is prejudiced

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informational social influence

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following the opinions or behavior of other people because we believe that they have accurate knowledge and that what they are doing is "right"

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kin selection

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the view that organisms are most likely to help others with whom they hare the most genes-- namely ,their offspring and genetic relatives

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lowballing

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a manipulation technique in whch a persuader gets you to commit to some action and then-- before you actually perform the behavior-- she or he increases the "cost" of that same behavior

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matching effect

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in romantic relationships, the tendency for partners to have a similar level of physical attractiveness

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mere exposure effect

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tendency to evaluate a stimulus more favorably after repeated exposure to it

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normative social influence

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conformity motivated by gaining social acceptance and avoiding social rejection

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norm of reciprocity

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tendency to respond in kind when other people treat us well or poorly

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passionate love

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a form of love that involves intense emotional arousal and yearning for one's partner

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peripheral route to persuasion

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occurs when people do not scrutinize a message but are influenced mostly by other factors such as a speaker's attractiveness or a message's emotional appeal

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prejudice

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a negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group

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primacy effect

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in impression formation, our tendency to attach more importance to the initial information that we learn about a person

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realistic conflict theory

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maintains that competition for limited resources fosters prejudice

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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occurs when people's erroneous expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviors, thereby confirming the original impression

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self-perception theory

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maintains that we make inferences about our own attitudes by observing how we behave

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self-serving bias

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tendency to make relatively more personal attributions for success and situational attributions for failure

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social compensation

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working harder when in a group than when alone to compensate for other members' lower output

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social exchange theory

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a theory proposing that a social relationship can best be described in terms of exchanges of rewards and costs between two partners

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social facilitation

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an increased tendency to perform one's dominant response in the mere presence of others

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social identity theory

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maintains that prejudice stems from a need to enhance our self-esteem

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social loafing

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the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working collectively in a group than when working alone

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social norms

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shared expectations about how people should think, feel, and behave

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social role

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a set of norms that characterizes how people in a given social position ought to behave

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stereotype

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a generalized belief about a group or category of people

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stereotype threat

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the anxiety created by the perceived possibility that one's behavior or performance will confirm a negative stereotype about one's groups

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theory of cognitive dissonance

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states that people strive to maintain consistency in their beliefs and actions and that inconsistency creates dissonance that motivates people to restore balance by changing their cognitions or behavior

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theory of planned behavior

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maintains that our intention to engage in a behavior is strongest when we have a positive attitude toward that behavior, when subjective norms support our attitudes, and when we believe that the behavior is under our control

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triangular theory of love

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maintains that various types of love result from different combinations of three core factors: intimacy, commitment, and passion