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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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affectionate love |
(companionate love) love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near |
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aggression |
social behavior where the objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally |
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altruism |
giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefitting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself |
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attitudes |
an individual’s opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas; how the person feels about the world |
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attribution theory |
the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior |
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bystander effect |
the tendency for an individual who observe an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone |
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cognitive dissonance |
an individual’s psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts |
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conformity |
a change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard |
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deindividuation |
the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group |
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discrimination |
an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group |
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egoism |
giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring or to avoid social and self-censure for failing to live up to society’s expectations |
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elaboration likelihood model |
theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route |
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empathy |
a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person |
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ethnocentrism |
the tendency to favor one’s own ethnic group over other groups |
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false consensus effect |
observers’ overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do |
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fundamental attribution error |
observers’ overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person’s behavior |
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group polarization |
the solidification and further strengthening of an individual’s position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction |
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groupthink |
the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony |
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informational social influence |
the influence other people have on us because we want to be right |
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investment model |
a model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships |
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mere exposure effect |
the phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before |
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normative social influence |
the influence other people have on us because we want them to like us |
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obedience |
behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority |
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overt aggression |
physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person |
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person perception |
the processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others |
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positive illusions |
favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality |
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prejudice |
an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual’s membership in a group |
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relational aggression |
behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person |
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risky shift |
the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members |
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romantic love |
(passionate love) love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often predominant in the early part of a love relationship |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectancies are realized |
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self-perception theory |
how behaviors influence attitudes; stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior |
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self-serving bias |
the tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one's failures |
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social cognition |
the area of social psychology exploring how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information |
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social comparison |
the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others |
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social contagion |
imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas |
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social exchange theory |
the view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits |
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social facilitation |
improvement in an individual’s performance because of the presence of others |
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social identity |
the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership |
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social identity theory |
the view that social identity is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself |
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social loafing |
each person’s tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort |
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social psychology |
the study of how people think about influences, and relate to other people |
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stereotype |
a generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another |
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stereotype threat |
an individual’s fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group |
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abnormal behavior |
behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time |
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antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) |
psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit |
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anxiety disorder |
disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts |
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anorexia nervosa |
eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation |
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
one of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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binge-eating disorder (BED) |
eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating |
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bipolar disorder |
mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state |
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borderline personality disorder (BPD) |
psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts |
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bulimia nervosa |
eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern |
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catatonia |
state of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time |
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delusions |
false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture |
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depressive disorders |
mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression, an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life |
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dissociative amnesia |
dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress |
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dissociative disorder |
psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts |
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dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships |
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DSM-5 |
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States |
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flat affect |
the display of little or no emotion, a common negative symptom of schizophrenia |
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generalized anxiety disorder |
psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety |
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hallucinations |
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli |
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major depressive disorder (MDD) |
psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks |
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medical model |
the view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin |
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation |
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panic disorder |
anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause |
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personality disorders |
chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality |
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
a disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disaster |
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psychosis |
a state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality |
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referential thinking |
ascribing personal meaning to completely random events |
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schizophrenia |
severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality |
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social anxiety disorder |
(social phobia) an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations |
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somatic symptom and related disorders |
bodily symptoms that are either very distressing or that interfere with a person’s functioning along with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about the symptoms |
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vulnerability-stress hypothesis |
(diathesis-stress model) a theory holding that preexisting conditions (genetic characteristics, personality disposition, experiences, and so on) put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder |
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Daryl Bem |
pioneer of the self-perception theory |
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the criteria of abnormal behavior |
- deviant (statistically unusual) - maladaptive (interferes with one's ability to function effectively in the world) - personally distressful over a long period of time |
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third variable problem |
a type of confounding in which a third variable leads to a mistaken causal relationship between two others; for example, cities with a greater number of churches have a higher crime rate |
