Psych 1100 Book Part 3

Front 1

The essence of learning is understanding...

Back 1

How events are related

Front 2

Classical/ Pavlovian conditioning

Back 2

When you learn that two types of events go together

Front 3

Operant conditioning

Back 3

You learn behavior leads to a certain outcome

Front 4

Learning theory arose partly because of...

Back 4

The disatisfaction among some psychologists with the widespread use of introspection

Front 5

According to Watson (behaviorism), observable behavior...

Back 5

Was the only valid indicator of Psychological activity

Front 6

Congruity

Back 6

Critical element in the acquisition of a learned associations is that the stimuli occur together in time

Front 7

Second-order conditioning

Back 7

The conditioned stimulus becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the US.

Front 8

Counterconditioning

Back 8

Small doses of the fear stimulus accompanied by something enjoyable (may help someone overcome a phobia)

Front 9

System desensitization

Back 9

Fear connection can be broken by developing a relaxation connection

Front 10

Pavlov believed the ____ the stimuli, the ____ the learning.

Back 10

More intense, greater

Front 11

Biological preparedness

Back 11

Explains why animals tend to fear potentially dangerous things rather than harmless things.

Front 12

Rescorla-Wagner model

Back 12

(A cognitive model of classical conditioning) States that the strength of the CS-US associated is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising.

Front 13

Behavior is a ______ response.

Back 13

Orienting

Front 14

Blocking effect

Back 14

Once a conditioned stimulus is learned it can prevent the acquisition of a new conditioned stimulus.

Front 15

Occasion setter

Back 15

A trigger (a stimulus associated with a CS can act as an occasion setter for the CS)

Front 16

Conditioning is one kind of _____.

Back 16

Learning

Front 17

Learning results only from _____.

Back 17

Experiences

Front 18

How did John B. Watson plan to extinguish Little Albert's conditioned response?

Back 18

By showing him the rat without making a loud sound.

Front 19

Instrumental

Back 19

Our behaviors are instrumental - done for a purpose.

Front 20

Operant/ instrumental conditioning

Back 20

A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be preformed in the future.

Front 21

States of satisfaction...

Back 21

Are not observable empirically.

Front 22

Shaping

Back 22

Reinforcing behaviors that are similar to the desired one.

Front 23

Primary reinforcer

Back 23

Necessary for survival, biological needs (ex. Food, water)

Front 24

Secondary reinforcer

Back 24

Reinforcers that do not satisfying biological needs (ex. Compliments)

Front 25

Premack principle

Back 25

More valued activity can be used to reinforce less valued activity.

Front 26

For punishment to be effective it must be...

Back 26

1. Reasonable

2. Unpleasant

3. Applied immediately

Front 27

Continuous reinforcement

Back 27

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs.

Front 28

If continuous reinforcement is stopped...

Back 28

The behavior extinguishes quickly.

Front 29

Partial-reinforcement Extinction effect

Back 29

The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

Front 30

Behavior modification

Back 30

The use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors

Front 31

Tolman's Theory

Back 31

Reinforcement has more impact on performance than on learning.

Front 32

Observational learning

Back 32

Aquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to performance of that behavior.

Front 33

Modeling

Back 33

Imitation of behavior through observational learning.

Front 34

Equipotentiality

Back 34

Memory is distributed throughout the brain rather than confined to any specific location.

Front 35

Engram

Back 35

Physical site of memory storage

Front 36

Consolidation

Back 36

A process by which immediate memories become long term memories.

Front 37

H.M's surgery which removed parts of his medical temporal lobes made him unable to...

Back 37

Make new memories, but was able to retrieve old memories.

Front 38

Reconsolidation

Back 38

Neural process involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval.

Front 39

Parallel processing

Back 39

Processing multiple types of info at the same time.

Front 40

Filter Theory

Back 40

(Developed to explain the selective nature of attention.) Said people have a limited capacity for sensory info.

Front 41

Encoding specificity principle

Back 41

The idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience.

Front 42

Transience

Back 42

Forgetting over time

Front 43

Blocking

Back 43

Inability to remember needed info

Front 44

Absentmindedness

Back 44

Reduced memory due to failing to pay attention

Front 45

Persistence

Back 45

Resurgence of unwanted or disturbing memories that we would like to forget.

Front 46

Misattributuon

Back 46

Assigning a memory to the wrong source

Front 47

Suggestibility

Back 47

Altering a memory because of misleading information

Front 48

Proactive interference

Back 48

Old info inhibits the ability to remember new info

Front 49

Retroactive interference

Back 49

New info inhibits the ability to remember old info

Front 50

Persistence

Back 50

The continual recurrence of unwanted memories

Front 51

Any event that produces a strong emotional response is likely to produce a ____ memory.

Back 51

Vivid, although not necessarily accurate

Front 52

Childhood amnesia

Back 52

Absence of early memories (may be due to immature frontal lobes)

Front 53

Source misattriburion

Back 53

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory.

Front 54

Source amnesia

Back 54

Occurs when a person remembers an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the info

Front 55

Cryptomnesia

Back 55

Type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet had only retrieved a stored idea from memory.

Front 56

Superior memory of faces within one's own racial group is due to...

Back 56

Greater activation in the fusiform face area.

Front 57

Confabulation

Back 57

The unintended false recollection of episodic memories.

Front 58

Capgras syndrome

Back 58

People with this believe their family members have been replaced with imposters.

Front 59

Thinking

Back 59

The mental manipulation of representations of information

Front 60

Cognition

Back 60

Mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking

Front 61

Analogical representations

Back 61

Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects

Front 62

Symbolic representations

Back 62

Abstract mental representations that do not corresponding to the physical features of objects or ideas.

Front 63

Defining attribute model

Back 63

A category is characterised by a list of features that determine if an object is a member of the category.

Front 64

Prototype model

Back 64

A way of thinking about concepts: within each category there is a best example (a prototype) for that category

Front 65

Exemplar model

Back 65

A way of thinking about concepts: all members of a category are examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership.

Front 66

Scripts

Back 66

Provide quick and effortless guides to behavior in different situations. But they tend to reinforce stereotypical behaviors.

Front 67

Reasoning

Back 67

Using info to determine if a conclusion is reasonable

Front 68

Deductive reasoning

Back 68

Using general rules to draw conclusions about specific instances

Front 69

Inductive reasoning

Back 69

Using specific instances to draw conclusions about general rules

Front 70

Heuristics

Back 70

Shortcuts used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions

Front 71

Expected utility theory

Back 71

We make decisions by considering the possible alternative and choosing the most desirable one.

Front 72

Prospect theory (2 parts)

Back 72

1. A person's wealth affects their choices

2. Because losses feel much worse than gains feel good, a person will try to avoid situations that involve losses.

Front 73

Loss aversion

Back 73

Losing is much worse than gaining is good

Front 74

Availability heuristic

Back 74

Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind.

Front 75

Representativeness heuristic

Back 75

Placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to ones prototype for that category.

Front 76

Affective forecasting

Back 76

People are bad at predicting how they will feel about something in the future

Front 77

Psychological reactance

Back 77

When we had to strong preferences before our choices were restricted

Front 78

Restructuring

Back 78

A new way of thinking about a problem that aide it's solution

Front 79

Mental sets

Back 79

Problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

Front 80

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Back 80

An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child's estimated mental age by their chronological age, then multiplying by 100

Front 81

General intelligence (g)

Back 81

The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence

Front 82

Fluid intelligence

Back 82

Intelligence that reflects the ability to process info (particularly in complex circumstances)

Front 83

Crystalized intelligence

Back 83

Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge one acquires through experience and the ability to use that knowledge

Front 84

Multiple intelligences

Back 84

The idea that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another.

Front 85

Emotional intelligence (EI)

Back 85

A form of social intelligence that emphasizes the abilities to manage, recognize and understand emotions.

Front 86

James-lange theory

Back 86

Physical changes in a situation cause emotion

Front 87

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 87

Processing is in sub-cortical features