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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three categories of developmental research and what is the unique approach/goal of each? |
basic: goal is to acquire knowledge and to think about practical issues applied: try to better understand something that could potentially improve society action: mission oriented; goal is to implement changes with policy (schools, government, etc) |
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How does the scientific community judge developmental research? |
Research is judged based off of its objectivity, reliability, replicability, and validity objectivity: free from researcher’s own bias reliability: consistent within the same protocol (collection and coding methods); generally need at least 80% agreement replicability: replicable by others with different populations validity: actually measuring what you are trying to measure |
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What are the three methods of data collection for developmental research? |
naturalistic observation: observing natural behavior without intervention experiments: lab setting, structures; study direct cause/effect relationships between variables clinical interview: personal; answer questions with clinician; individualized; may not reflect population |
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What are the four research design approaches for developmental research? |
longitudinal: study same person over time cross sectional: study people of different ages at the same time cohort sequential: study different cohorts over time microgenetic: study development of characteristics in a limited time window, generally less than 6-12 months |
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What are genetic disorders related to recessive gene inheritance? Chromosomal abnormalities? |
recessive gene inheritance: inherited through normal process of inheritance; inheriting recessive genes that, together, code for a disorder - PKUSickle - Cell Anemia chromosomal abnormalities: from a breakdown in the process of genetic transmission affecting the chromosome in the germ cell - Down’s syndrome - Klinefelter’s Syndrome - Turner syndrome |
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Why do we study development? |
This study seeks to explain how changes in size form and behavior take place. Theoretical: development in the prenatal period reflects principles of development that occur in all periods from birth to death. Practical: developing organism can be positively or negatively affected by the mother’s nutritional status, health, and habits (drugs/alcohol related) |
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What are the three periods of prenatal development and how is each unique? Be sure to know the key components of each period. |
- Germinal period: from conception to the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall; last about 8-10 days; zygote moves through the fallopian tube to the uterus; cells are totipotent - Embryonic period: 8-10 days after fertilization; implantation begins it; amnion surrounds the embryo and is then surrounded by the chorion; nutrient supplied by umbilical cord/placenta; cells become specialized; sexual differentiation - Fetal Period: Week 9 to birth; viable at 7 months; during months 8 and 9, brain folding increases, and the fetus doubles in weight; bones begin to harden at the beginning of period |
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Embryonic period ... |
ectoderm: outer layer (skin, nails, teeth, inner ear, brain, spine, nerves) endoderm: inner layer (digestive tract and lungs) mesoderm: middle layer (muscles, bones, circulatory system, inner layer of skin) |
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How long after conception does the zygote start to replicate? |
24 hours after conception |
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What is significant about totipotent stem cells? How do cells become specialized? |
Totipotent stem cells are not specialized so they can be used to develop any part of the body. There are huge implications for what this could mean in the medical world. During the embryonic period, epigenesis occurs, meaning that proteins begins to signal for the functions of particular cells. |
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What is unique about sexual differentiation in utero? |
At six weeks into the pregnancy, development is identical for males and females. Around the 7th week, the presence or absence of androgens determines the sex. If testosterone is present, then the embryo will become a male, otherwise the gonads will just become ovaries. External sex characteristics become clear around week 12 and sex can be told by 16 weeks. Female is essentially the default sex. |
